Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My EPPP > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

A

microsystem - immediate envt

mesosystem - interactions between components of microsystem (e.g. fam factors on school)

ecosystem - broader environment that affect child (parents work)

macrosystem - cultural beliefs

chronosystem - occur over lifespan (LT effects of SES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rutter’s indicators

A

predictors of child psychopathology: marital discord, low SES, large family size, parent criminality, maternal psychopathology, placement of child outside of home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

niche picking

A

children seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal (2 weeks- ovum –> zygote)
embryonic (3 - 8 wks)
fetal (9 wk - birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dominant gene disorders

A

Huntingtons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recessive gene disorders

A

cystic fibrosis
sickle cell
Tay Sachs
phenylketonuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Turner (females with single x - short, webbed neck..)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

brain development

A

brain is 25% of adult weight at birth
2 yo - 80% of adult weight (d/t increase in connections between neurons and formation of glial cells - myelination )
16 yo- full adult weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neurogenesis

A

brain compensates for neuronal loss by forming new synaptic connections and neural pathways and new neurons in hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

moro (startle) reflex

A

flings arms and legs outward and then toward body in response to a loud noise or loss of physical support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

perception in newborns:

__ in 1-4 mo
__ 12 wks +
___ 5.5 to 12 mo

A

sucking

reaching

head turning

(heart rate and respiration for all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vision

A

least well developed at birth

6 mo - visual acuity is almost that of adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

auditory localization

A

orient toward direction of sound

evident shortly after birth, disappear bt 2 and 4 mo and then reappear during rest of first year

few days after birth - can distinguish between a and i; by 2-3 mo, bt similar consonant sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

early maturation for boys

A

benefits: popularity, athletic
bad: dissatisfaction with body image, increased risk for drug /alcohol use, delinquency, depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

early maturation for girls

A

bad: poor self concept, unpopular, dissatisfied, low academic achievement, increased risk for sex, drug, alcohol, depression, and eating disorder

late maturing - still not great but better academically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

visual changes

A

after age 65, most ppl have problems that interfere with reading, driving, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sexual activity in late adulthood

A

similar to that of earlier adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

piaget’s adaptation

A

resolves disequilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

assimilation

A

incorporation of new knowledge into existing scheme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

accommodation

A

modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

A

birth/toddler: sensorimotor (object permanence)

preschool: Preoperational (learn thru language, symbols (pre causal reasoning, magical thinking, animism, irreversibility, centration- focus on most noticeable features)

School: Concrete operational (mental operations; logical rules, Conservation thru horizontal decalage - gradual gaining of conservation abilities)

Adolescent+: Formal Operational (think abstractly; egocentrism, personal fable, imaginary audience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Information processing theories

A

increasing information processing capacity and efficiency

focus on specific cognitive domains and view cognitive ability as task specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

all learning as socially mediated; cognitive development is first interpersonal and then intrapersonal

zone of proximal development

scaffolding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

early recognition and recall memory

A

3 mo - can recognize up to 24 hr later

6-12 mo - can recall series of events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

retention function

A

greater recall of recent events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

reminiscence bump

A

greater recall of events that occurred from 10-30 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

effects of age on memory:

increasing age has negative impact on ___ rather than __

older adults have greatest declines in ___ followed by ___

___ is more affected by age than ___ or ___

A

explicit v implicit

recent LT memory (secondary memory; working memory

episodic memory; semantic or procedural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

age when children use memory strategies regularly

A

9 or 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nativist approach to language development; advocated for by ___; he thought we had a ____, which :

A

biological mechanisms, universal pattern of language development

Chomsky; innate language acquisition device (LAD) - makes it possible to acquire knowledge just by being exposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping

A

child’s use of knowledge of meaning of words to infer grammatical category (persons - noun)

use of syntactical knowledge to learn meaning of words

31
Q

phonemes and morphemes

A

smallest units of sound

smallest units of sound that convey meaning (do)

32
Q

stages of language acquisition

A 
crying
cooing (6-8 wks)
babbling (4 mo)
echolalia (9 mo)
telegraphic (phase speech; 18-24 mo)
vocab growth (fastest rate at 30-36 mo)
33
Q

under and over extension

A

under: use word too narrowly (dish only for one dish)
over: use word to broadly (all animals are dogs)

34
Q

bilingualism

A

better at first, but not necessarily maintained benefits in adulthood

35
Q

behavioral inhibition

A

biological contribution - relatively stable

36
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

infant: oral
toddler: anal
preschool: phallic
school: latency
adolescent +: genital

37
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

infant: trust v mistrust
toddler: autonomy v shame and doubt
preschool: initiative v guilt
school: industry v inferiority
adolescent: identity v role confusion
YA: intimacy v isolation
adult: gnerativifty v stagnation
old adult: ego integrity v despair

38
Q

Levinson’s “season’s of a man’s life”

A

early adult transition (17-22)- “the dream”

age 30 transition (28-33) - fully enter adult world - “settling down”

mid-life transition (40-45) - significant stress; deflation of the dream; “time since birth” transition to “time left to live”

39
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

A

responsivity and control:

authoritarian - irritable, aggressive
authoritative -
permissive - immature, impulsive
rejecting-neglecting – juvenile delinquents

40
Q

self awareness becomes apparent during year __

A

2

41
Q

gender identity becomes established by age __

A

3

42
Q

kohl berg’s cognitive development theory re: gender

gender identity

gender stability

gender constancy

A

male or female

stable over time

constant across situations

43
Q

Bem’s gender schema theory

A

combo of social learning and cognitive development

44
Q

androgyny

A

associated with more SE than femininity

45
Q

Marcia’s identity statuses

A

degree to which identity crisis is being experienced:

Diffusion- no id crisis
Foreclosure - no crisis, but do have identity imposed on them by parent
Moratorium - crisis; actively explores alternative identities
Achievement - resolved the crisis

46
Q

Gilligan’s relational crisis

A

11 or 12 for girls - increasing pressure to fit cultural stereotypes; “loss of voice”

47
Q

children’s understanding of death

death is reversible at age ___
deaths not reversible, but is escapable at age ___
death is final at age ___

A

2-5
5-9
10

48
Q

stages of grief

A 
Denial (no, not happening)
A (why me?)
B (yes, but not until this happens)
D (yes, me)
A (its ok)
49
Q

attachment to mothers v fathers

key ingredient for mothers__ v fathers__

A

sensitivity v involvement in caregiving activities (vigorous physical play)

50
Q

Adult Attachment Interview

A

relationship between parents own attachment experiences and attachment patterns of their children

autonomous -> secure children

dismissing (positive, but not supported or dismissing) -> avoidant

preoccupied (angry/confused) –> ambivalent

51
Q

coercive family interaction model

A

children learn aggression when parents do not reinforce prosocial bx, use harsh discipline, and reward children’s aggression

over time, parent-child aggression interactions escalate

52
Q

social cognitive factors that contribute to aggression

A

self-efficacy beliefs (easy to be aggressive, hard to inhibit)

aggression will result in positive outcomes

little remorse

53
Q

Piaget moral development

A

<6: premoral stage
7-10: heteronomous morality: rules are set by adults
11+: autonomous morality: focus more on intention; rules can be changed

54
Q

Kohlber’s levels of moral development

A

pre conventional:

  • punishment and obedience: good or bad depends on consequences (avoid punishment!)
  • instrumental hedonism: obtain rewards!

Conventional:

  • “good boy/girl” - right thing to do is liked by others
  • law and order: rules est. by legit authorities

Postconventional:

  • morality of contract - morally right is consistent with democratically determined law - should not interfere with basic rights
  • morality of conscience - r and w determined by self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles
55
Q

effects of divorce on children are most profound ___

A

in the first year

56
Q

child’s age and divorce. children who experience most initial problems; most long-term consequences

A

preschool

6-8 yo

57
Q

gender diff of divorce for boys and girls attributed to “sleeper effect”

A

girls who were in preschool or school age at time of divorce do not show problems until adolescence and are at higher risk as adults for problems

58
Q

___ rather than divorce that increases risk for adverse outcomes

A

parent conflict

59
Q

remarriage is typically __ for children with __ effect size

A

bad; small

60
Q

worst child age for remarriage; stepfathers are __ for girls and __ for boys and are generally more ___

A

9+, esp adolescents

bad; good

disengaged

61
Q

maternal employment is generally___ , esp for __ children.

___ for boys when combined with___

best when parents have ___

A

good; older

not good; low supervision

positive attitude

62
Q

effects of gay or lesbian parent on child development

A

nature of parent child relationship is more important

63
Q

gender diff for child sexual abuse; worse for __; less severe when abuse was committed by a

A

females; stranger

64
Q

sibling conflict is worst for ___

A

same gendered siblings, 1.5 -3 yrs in age

65
Q

buffering hypothesis

A

perception of social support is more important than actual support

66
Q

outcomes are worst for children who are ___ by their peers

A

actively rejected

67
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory; social goals -2 functions are:

A

social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited

acquisition of knowledge (time unlimited) and regulation of emotion (time limited)

68
Q

peer pressure peeks at __; exceptions include

A

14-15

later adolescents report more pressure to smoke, drink alcohol, have sex

69
Q

___ have more influence on everyday issues

___ have more influence on beliefs and values

A

peers

parents

70
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy (Rosenthal)

A

when teachers were told about “bloomers” -students did better at end of year

71
Q

gender diff in teacher feedback:

boys are criticized for _ and praised for:
girls are criticized for __ and praised for:

A

lack of decorum, failure to do work neatly, inattention; intellectual accomplishments, task-related behaviors

lack of ability, inadequate intellectual performance; effort, cooperation, dependent behaviors

72
Q

compensatory preschool programs

A

Head Start

IQ scores not maintained, but LT benefits: better attitudes about school, less likely to be retained, placed in special ed, drop out, more likely to attend college

73
Q

Montessori method; learning stems from__

A

child centered
learning is experiential

sense perception

My EPPP (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions