Development Flashcards
bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
microsystem - immediate envt
mesosystem - interactions between components of microsystem (e.g. fam factors on school)
ecosystem - broader environment that affect child (parents work)
macrosystem - cultural beliefs
chronosystem - occur over lifespan (LT effects of SES)
Rutter’s indicators
predictors of child psychopathology: marital discord, low SES, large family size, parent criminality, maternal psychopathology, placement of child outside of home
niche picking
children seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predisposition
stages of prenatal development
germinal (2 weeks- ovum –> zygote)
embryonic (3 - 8 wks)
fetal (9 wk - birth)
dominant gene disorders
Huntingtons
Recessive gene disorders
cystic fibrosis
sickle cell
Tay Sachs
phenylketonuria
Chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Turner (females with single x - short, webbed neck..)
brain development
brain is 25% of adult weight at birth
2 yo - 80% of adult weight (d/t increase in connections between neurons and formation of glial cells - myelination )
16 yo- full adult weight
neurogenesis
brain compensates for neuronal loss by forming new synaptic connections and neural pathways and new neurons in hippocampus
moro (startle) reflex
flings arms and legs outward and then toward body in response to a loud noise or loss of physical support
perception in newborns:
__ in 1-4 mo
__ 12 wks +
___ 5.5 to 12 mo
sucking
reaching
head turning
(heart rate and respiration for all)
vision
least well developed at birth
6 mo - visual acuity is almost that of adult
auditory localization
orient toward direction of sound
evident shortly after birth, disappear bt 2 and 4 mo and then reappear during rest of first year
few days after birth - can distinguish between a and i; by 2-3 mo, bt similar consonant sounds
early maturation for boys
benefits: popularity, athletic
bad: dissatisfaction with body image, increased risk for drug /alcohol use, delinquency, depression
early maturation for girls
bad: poor self concept, unpopular, dissatisfied, low academic achievement, increased risk for sex, drug, alcohol, depression, and eating disorder
late maturing - still not great but better academically
visual changes
after age 65, most ppl have problems that interfere with reading, driving, etc
sexual activity in late adulthood
similar to that of earlier adulthood
piaget’s adaptation
resolves disequilibrium
assimilation
incorporation of new knowledge into existing scheme
accommodation
modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge
Piaget stages of cognitive development
birth/toddler: sensorimotor (object permanence)
preschool: Preoperational (learn thru language, symbols (pre causal reasoning, magical thinking, animism, irreversibility, centration- focus on most noticeable features)
School: Concrete operational (mental operations; logical rules, Conservation thru horizontal decalage - gradual gaining of conservation abilities)
Adolescent+: Formal Operational (think abstractly; egocentrism, personal fable, imaginary audience)
Information processing theories
increasing information processing capacity and efficiency
focus on specific cognitive domains and view cognitive ability as task specific
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
all learning as socially mediated; cognitive development is first interpersonal and then intrapersonal
zone of proximal development
scaffolding
early recognition and recall memory
3 mo - can recognize up to 24 hr later
6-12 mo - can recall series of events
retention function
greater recall of recent events
reminiscence bump
greater recall of events that occurred from 10-30 yo
effects of age on memory:
increasing age has negative impact on ___ rather than __
older adults have greatest declines in ___ followed by ___
___ is more affected by age than ___ or ___
explicit v implicit
recent LT memory (secondary memory; working memory
episodic memory; semantic or procedural
age when children use memory strategies regularly
9 or 10
nativist approach to language development; advocated for by ___; he thought we had a ____, which :
biological mechanisms, universal pattern of language development
Chomsky; innate language acquisition device (LAD) - makes it possible to acquire knowledge just by being exposed
semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping
child’s use of knowledge of meaning of words to infer grammatical category (persons - noun)
use of syntactical knowledge to learn meaning of words
phonemes and morphemes
smallest units of sound
smallest units of sound that convey meaning (do)
stages of language acquisition
crying cooing (6-8 wks) babbling (4 mo) echolalia (9 mo) telegraphic (phase speech; 18-24 mo) vocab growth (fastest rate at 30-36 mo)
under and over extension
under: use word too narrowly (dish only for one dish)
over: use word to broadly (all animals are dogs)
bilingualism
better at first, but not necessarily maintained benefits in adulthood
behavioral inhibition
biological contribution - relatively stable
Freud’s psychosexual stages
infant: oral
toddler: anal
preschool: phallic
school: latency
adolescent +: genital
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
infant: trust v mistrust
toddler: autonomy v shame and doubt
preschool: initiative v guilt
school: industry v inferiority
adolescent: identity v role confusion
YA: intimacy v isolation
adult: gnerativifty v stagnation
old adult: ego integrity v despair
Levinson’s “season’s of a man’s life”
early adult transition (17-22)- “the dream”
age 30 transition (28-33) - fully enter adult world - “settling down”
mid-life transition (40-45) - significant stress; deflation of the dream; “time since birth” transition to “time left to live”
Baumrind’s parenting styles
responsivity and control:
authoritarian - irritable, aggressive
authoritative -
permissive - immature, impulsive
rejecting-neglecting – juvenile delinquents
self awareness becomes apparent during year __
2
gender identity becomes established by age __
3
kohl berg’s cognitive development theory re: gender
gender identity
gender stability
gender constancy
male or female
stable over time
constant across situations
Bem’s gender schema theory
combo of social learning and cognitive development
androgyny
associated with more SE than femininity
Marcia’s identity statuses
degree to which identity crisis is being experienced:
Diffusion- no id crisis
Foreclosure - no crisis, but do have identity imposed on them by parent
Moratorium - crisis; actively explores alternative identities
Achievement - resolved the crisis
Gilligan’s relational crisis
11 or 12 for girls - increasing pressure to fit cultural stereotypes; “loss of voice”
children’s understanding of death
death is reversible at age ___
deaths not reversible, but is escapable at age ___
death is final at age ___
2-5
5-9
10
stages of grief
Denial (no, not happening) A (why me?) B (yes, but not until this happens) D (yes, me) A (its ok)
attachment to mothers v fathers
key ingredient for mothers__ v fathers__
sensitivity v involvement in caregiving activities (vigorous physical play)
Adult Attachment Interview
relationship between parents own attachment experiences and attachment patterns of their children
autonomous -> secure children
dismissing (positive, but not supported or dismissing) -> avoidant
preoccupied (angry/confused) –> ambivalent
coercive family interaction model
children learn aggression when parents do not reinforce prosocial bx, use harsh discipline, and reward children’s aggression
over time, parent-child aggression interactions escalate
social cognitive factors that contribute to aggression
self-efficacy beliefs (easy to be aggressive, hard to inhibit)
aggression will result in positive outcomes
little remorse
Piaget moral development
<6: premoral stage
7-10: heteronomous morality: rules are set by adults
11+: autonomous morality: focus more on intention; rules can be changed
Kohlber’s levels of moral development
pre conventional:
- punishment and obedience: good or bad depends on consequences (avoid punishment!)
- instrumental hedonism: obtain rewards!
Conventional:
- “good boy/girl” - right thing to do is liked by others
- law and order: rules est. by legit authorities
Postconventional:
- morality of contract - morally right is consistent with democratically determined law - should not interfere with basic rights
- morality of conscience - r and w determined by self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles
effects of divorce on children are most profound ___
in the first year
child’s age and divorce. children who experience most initial problems; most long-term consequences
preschool
6-8 yo
gender diff of divorce for boys and girls attributed to “sleeper effect”
girls who were in preschool or school age at time of divorce do not show problems until adolescence and are at higher risk as adults for problems
___ rather than divorce that increases risk for adverse outcomes
parent conflict
remarriage is typically __ for children with __ effect size
bad; small
worst child age for remarriage; stepfathers are __ for girls and __ for boys and are generally more ___
9+, esp adolescents
bad; good
disengaged
maternal employment is generally___ , esp for __ children.
___ for boys when combined with___
best when parents have ___
good; older
not good; low supervision
positive attitude
effects of gay or lesbian parent on child development
nature of parent child relationship is more important
gender diff for child sexual abuse; worse for __; less severe when abuse was committed by a
females; stranger
sibling conflict is worst for ___
same gendered siblings, 1.5 -3 yrs in age
buffering hypothesis
perception of social support is more important than actual support
outcomes are worst for children who are ___ by their peers
actively rejected
socioemotional selectivity theory; social goals -2 functions are:
social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited
acquisition of knowledge (time unlimited) and regulation of emotion (time limited)
peer pressure peeks at __; exceptions include
14-15
later adolescents report more pressure to smoke, drink alcohol, have sex
___ have more influence on everyday issues
___ have more influence on beliefs and values
peers
parents
self-fulfilling prophecy (Rosenthal)
when teachers were told about “bloomers” -students did better at end of year
gender diff in teacher feedback:
boys are criticized for _ and praised for:
girls are criticized for __ and praised for:
lack of decorum, failure to do work neatly, inattention; intellectual accomplishments, task-related behaviors
lack of ability, inadequate intellectual performance; effort, cooperation, dependent behaviors
compensatory preschool programs
Head Start
IQ scores not maintained, but LT benefits: better attitudes about school, less likely to be retained, placed in special ed, drop out, more likely to attend college
Montessori method; learning stems from__
child centered
learning is experiential
sense perception
