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Developmental Psychology > Social/Emotional Development > Flashcards

Social/Emotional Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Ethological (Evolutionary, Biological) Perspective

A
  • Social development associated w/ built in mechanisms for species survival
  • gradual adapatation
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2
Q

Environmental Perspective

A

• Socialization emphasized – process by which society models beliefs, expectations & behaviors.

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3
Q

Cognitive Developmental Perspective

A

• Focuses on how children cognitively represent their relationship with 1 another
• Internal Cognitive models
- mental representations of parent (child)
- used to predict how the other part of dyad will behave based on past behavior & culture

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4
Q

Vygotsky Perspective

A

• Focuses on Apprenticeship (learner) relationships, community members & culture.

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5
Q

Emotional Development

A
  • an internal reaction or feeling that is positive or negative
  • can be expressed (stated, facial response)
  • can be reflected through readiness for action (heart rate, pulse, sweating)
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6
Q

Affect

A
  • Outward expressions of emotions

* Facial expressions, notion, gestures

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7
Q

Expressions of emotions: At birth

A
  • Distress
  • Interest
  • disgust
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8
Q

Expressions of emotions: 1st 12 months

A
  • Smiling (2-3 months)
  • Laugh (1st 3 months)
  • Fear response (by 7 months)
  • self - conscious emotion (12-18 months)
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9
Q

Social referencing: 8-9 months

A

• infants tend to refer to parents for guidance when uncertain how to respond to an unfamiliar perrson or object

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10
Q

Social referencing: by 12 months

A
  • use of social referencing to regulate behavior

* socialization/training

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11
Q

Emotional Regulation

A
  • Face to face interactions

* Self-soothing (e.g - toothing toys, sucking thumb, comforting object)

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12
Q

Stranger anxiety

A
  • Around 7-8 months

* Fear of unfamiliar people

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13
Q

Seperation anxiety

A
  • Starts @ 9 months & peaks at around 12 months

* Separation from person they are attached to, which can cause stress

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14
Q

Preschool, effortful control, delay of gratification

A
  • Marshmallow study
  • Children who were able to wait = higher academic ability & higher social competence, higher executive functioning & showed control.
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15
Q

Autism

A 
• Severe & pervasive impairment in several areas of development
•3 Components
1. Language
2. Social
3. Repetitive Behaviors
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16
Q

What is the age of onset for autism?

A
  • Usually evident w/ in the first few years of life
  • symptoms by age 3
  • Median age diagnosis = 4 -5 years old
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17
Q

Autism & language

A
  • 40% of children w/ ASD don’t talk at all
  • 25-30% of children w/ autism have some words @ 12-18 months of age & then loose them
  • other children may speak but not until later on in their childhood
  • 1 in 68 in U.S have ASD
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18
Q

Aspergers

A
  • Impairment in social interaction & repetitive behaviors
  • No language or cognitive deficits
  • Social deficits - not understanding social norms
19
Q

What is attachment?

A

A close emotional relationship btwn. 2 persons, characterized by mutual affection & desire to maintain close proximity.

20
Q

What is phase 1 of attachment according to SCHAFFER & EMERSON?

A
  • Birth - 2 months

* Indiscriminate social responsiveness

21
Q

What is phase 2 of attachment according to SCHAFFER & EMERSON?

A
  • 2 - 7 months
  • Discriminate social responsiveness
  • Look for caregiver
22
Q

What is phase 3 of attachment according to SCHAFFER & EMERSON?

A
  • 8 - 24 months
  • Focused attachment
  • Wariness of strangers
  • Seperation protest
23
Q

What are John Bowlby’s stages of attachment?

A
  • Pre-attachment
  • Attachment in the making
  • Clear cut attachment
  • Goal corrected partnership
24
Q

What is the pre-attachment stage according to Bowlby?

A
  • birth - 6 weeks
  • Sensory preferences
  • Social smile bring infants close to parents
25
Q

What is the Attachment in the making stage according to Bowlby?

A
  • 6 weeks - 6 to 8 months
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Differentiate people they know & don’t know
26
Q

What is the clear cut attachment stage according to Bowlby?

A
  • 6 to 8 months - 18 months to 2 years

* Separation anxiety – when a person he/she is attached to leaves

27
Q

What is the goal corrected partnership stage according to Bowlby?

A
  • 18 months +

* create reciprocal relationship w/ mothers

28
Q

What is the internal working model?

A

• mental representations of the particular attachment relationships that a child has experienced becomes a model for future relationships

29
Q

Harlow’s monkeys

A

• found that monkey’s preferred a “soft cloth” mother even if that cloth mother did not provide them with any food.

30
Q

Mary’s Ainsworth (1960’s) strange situation procedure (8 segments)

A
  1. Introduction
  2. Mother - baby
  3. Mother - baby - stranger
  4. Stranger - baby
  5. Mother - baby region
  6. Baby alone
  7. Stranger re-enters
  8. Mother returns (2nd reunion)
31
Q

Secure attachment

A
  • parent leaves, baby becomes anxious, when parent returns baby is calm again.
  • strong sense of comfort & security w/ persons
32
Q

Anxious - avoidant attachment

A

• child not distressed when mother leaves, comfortable w/ stranger, doesn’t rush to great mother when mother returns

33
Q

Anxious ambivalent/resistant attachment

A
  • reluctant to move away from mother, distress when mother leaves.
  • When mom returns = wants to approach, but angrily resists when picked up
34
Q

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

A
  • unpredictable behavior
  • shows no direct way of dealing w/ attachment
  • often linked w/ neglect or parental abuse
35
Q

Father’s attachment

A
  • infants are capable of forming more than 1 relationship
  • fathers more sensitive to boy
  • by 1st year = father attachment can be as secured as that to the mother
36
Q

Culture & attachment

A
  • secure infants = 2/3 of the infants in the study
  • insecure attachment varied
  • definition of secure attachment varies in culture
37
Q

ADHD

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

38
Q

What are some symptoms of inattentiveness?

A
  • Symptoms should be present before age 7
  • problems with sustaining & maintaining attention
  • can be managed over time, not treated.
  • failure to give close attention to detail
  • difficulty listening
  • failure to follow instructions
  • failure to finish work
39
Q

What are some symptoms of impulsive behaviors?

A
  • fidgeting
  • leave seat
  • running around
  • can’t play quietly
  • difficulty playing quietly
  • blurting out answers
  • difficulty waiting for a turn
  • Interrupting
40
Q

What is the prevalence rate for ADHD?

A
  • 3-7%

* More boys than girls

41
Q

What are the subtypes of ADHD?

A
  • Inattention

* Impulsivity – hyperactivity type

42
Q

What is ADHD?

A

A neurodevelopmental disorder that is worsened by environmental conditions but not caused by environmental factors

43
Q

How does ADHD affect functioning in school, peers & with family?

A
  • Interferes with social, academic, or occupational functioning
  • Associated problems with ADHD include poor school performance and poor social interactions

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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