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Developmental Psychology > Genetics & Heritability > Flashcards

Genetics & Heritability Flashcards

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1
Q

D.O Hebb

A

• Genetic & environmental influences are entangled in complex ways

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2
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Research to determine the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, trait

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3
Q

Behavioral genomics

A

Research that links behaviors with specific genes

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4
Q

Molecular genetics

A

How genes work with in the cell

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5
Q

What are the two laws of heredity?

A
  1. Shared genes

2. Gene pool

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6
Q

Mechanism of inheritance

A

• Chromosomes are made up of genes which are made up of DNA which is made up of 4 nitrogenous bases (1) guanine, (2) adenine, (3) thymine, (4) cytosine

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7
Q

Chormosomes

A
  • 22 pairs of autosomes (mitosis)

* 1 pair of sex choromosomes (meiosis)

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8
Q

Alleles

A

location of a gene for a particular trait

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9
Q

Monozygotic twins

A
  • one egg
  • one zygote
  • identical genetic make up
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10
Q

Dizygotic twins

A
  • 2 eggs
  • 2 sperms
  • 2 zygote
  • same genetic make up as siblings born seperately
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11
Q

Phenotype

A
  • dominant genes expressed

* recessive gene only expressed when paired with another recessive gene

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12
Q

Genotype

A

•all of a persons genes both recessive & dominant

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13
Q

Mendelian Principles (old)

A
  • Principles of dominance
  • principle of segregation
  • principle of independent assortment
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14
Q

Principle of dominance

A

• dominant & recessive genes

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15
Q

principle of segragation

A

Separated into reproductive cells

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16
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A
  • gene that determines one characteristic is not dependent on a gene for another characteristics
  • ex: all ppl with brown hair are not the same height
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17
Q

Mendelian current principles

A
  • polygenic inheritance
  • pleiotropic effects
  • incomplete dominance
  • codominance
  • genomic imprinting
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18
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

• MIXTURE of genes that will determine many characteristics

19
Q

Pleiotropic effects

A

• any SINGLE gene can have many different effects

20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • not COMPLETELY dominant or recessive

* ex: sickle cell anemia

21
Q

Codominance

A
  • When BOTH genes are expressed

* ex: AB blood type

22
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

only one gene is expressed & the other is “silent”

23
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

tba

24
Q

Zygote

A

• fertilized egg that begins to divide into cells that will develop into the embryo

25
Q

Chromosomes

A

• strands of genes that consitutes our existance

26
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

• complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings

27
Q

Fragile x-syndrome

A
  • Sex-linked
  • Most common cause of intellectual disability
  • 1 gene segment on the X chromosome is repeated 200x rather than 5-40x
28
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • Sex-linked
  • Mostly males
  • lack of a specific protein
  • blood continues to flow
29
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • Autosome-linked disorder
  • dominant gene disorder
  • chromosome 4
  • lost of muscle control
  • detected @ older age
30
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A
  • Autosome-linked disorder
  • onset about 8 months
  • Chromosome 15
  • death usually by age 6
  • cell death, brain cells begin to die out
  • loose motor skills, seizures, vision & hearing loss, intellectual disabled & paralysis.
31
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • Autosome-linked disorders
  • recessive gene
  • incomplete dominance (can experience some symptoms)
  • chromosome 11
  • s or c shaped blood cells get clogged in the system
  • shortness of breath, severe pain, characteristics similar to a stroke
  • less likely to have malaria
32
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Chromosome 7
  • Autosomal recessive genetic condition
  • affect lungs & digestive system
  • life expectancy to early/mid-aulthood
  • defective gene causes the fluids to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.
33
Q

Down-syndrome: trisomy-21

A
  • having 3 “21” chromosomes
  • Mental & physical defects
  • life expectancy 60
  • 1/1000
  • higher risk to other diseases such as Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular issues
34
Q

Autosome

A

• any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

35
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

• determining sex of organism

36
Q

What are the ways to detect diseases prenatally?

A
  • Amniocentesis
  • CVS (chronic villus sampling)
  • AFP (aplhafetoprotein)
  • Ultrasound
37
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • sample amniotic fluid

* screens for abnormality by measuring levels of feto protein & fetal cells as early as 16 wks

38
Q

CVS (Chronic villus sampling)

A
  • detects any chromosomal defects
  • collect sample of fetal cells from placenta
  • early as 9 wks
39
Q

AFP

A

• measured through a blood test

40
Q

Ultrasound

A
  • sound waves
  • screens for growth, organ defects, chromosomal abnormalities & neural tube defects
  • checks if fetus is developing normally
41
Q

Niche picking (scar & mccarthey)

A
  • passive (parents make decision)
  • evocative ( boys & girls respond diff. to env)
  • active ( actively engaged in what they want to do, but the gene kind of predetermining what they should do)
  • ex of active: tall male reared towards playing basketball, but he wants to play an instrument
42
Q

Limit setting (gottesman)

A
  • upper & lower limit (genetic)
  • reaction rate (env)
  • ex: genie had the genes to walk & talk, but the env she was in did not allow her to grow.
43
Q

Non-shared enviornment

A
  • Plomins model
  • same genes, but env evokes diff response
  • experience NOT shared w/ other members of the family.

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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