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developmental psychology > Prenatal, Perinatal & Parental Transitions > Flashcards

Prenatal, Perinatal & Parental Transitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Gametes

A

• Sperm: 200-300 million cells daily & begins in puberty
• Eggs: 400,000 immature cells & are present at birth
- only 400-500 mature

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2
Q

Conception

A
  • Sperm meets ovum (unfertilized egg) & fertilization occurs

* Both biological parents contribute 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

Pathways to parenthood: Deciding

A
  • lifestyle they want to live
  • heritable diseases
  • egg count & egg health of female
  • sperm count & sperm health of male
  • same sex partner
  • single parent?
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4
Q

Ways to parenthood

A
  • Intercourse
  • Artificial insemination
  • Gamete intrafallopian transfer
  • Invivo fertilization
  • Invitro fertilization
  • Surrogate mother
  • Adoption
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5
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

• Sperm donor

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6
Q

Invitro fertilization

A
  • eggs removed from ovulary & put in petri dish, then transfer embryo to the uterus.
  • people do this when the fallopian tube is damaged
  • unknown infertility
  • females with ovulation disorders
  • tubes tied
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7
Q

Gamete intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

A
  • Fertilization happens in the tube and not in the lab
  • Egg & sperm transfered into the fallopian tube
  • Tubes must be healthy
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8
Q

Invivo fertilization

A

Fertilization that occurs in the womb

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9
Q

What are the effects of assistance in reproduction

A
  • Higher likelihood of multiples

* Increased rate of preterm & low birth weight in babies

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10
Q

Adoption as an option

A
  • If the parents are infertile

* Mother possibly may not want to deal with uncontrollable changes in the body

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11
Q

Prenatal Developmental Stages

A
  • Zygotic/Germinal Stage (conception-2 weeks)
  • Embryonic Stage (2-9 weeks)
  • Fetal Stage (9 weeks-38 weeks)
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12
Q

Zygotic/Germinal Stage

A
  1. Sperm penetrates egg =fertilization
  2. Once fertilization occurs and a zygote (fertilized egg) is created outside of egg thickens so that no other sperm enters the egg
  3. Zygote to the fallopian tube & cell division begins
  4. Implantation in uterus occurs
  5. Blastocyst= balls of cells form
    - Inner cell= becomes embryo
    - outter cell= tropoblast (placenta & chorion)
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13
Q

Zygotic/Germinal Stage: Blastocyst: Inner cell

A

Becomes embryo

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14
Q

Zygotic/Germinal Stage: Blastocyst: Outter cell (tropoblast)

A

Support system in pregnancy: placenta & chrorion

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15
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • Support system
  • Period of rapid development (sensitive, practically critical period)
  • Period most at risk from teratogens
  • Fetal Membranes
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16
Q

Fetal Membranes in Fetal Stage

A
  • Amnion inside chorion
  • Chorion = gives rise to placenta
  • Amnion = cushions & protects fetus
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17
Q

Ectodermin Fetal Stage

A
  • skin
  • sensory
  • organs
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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18
Q

Mesoderm in Fetal Stage

A
  • Muscles
  • Blood
  • Bones
  • Circulatory system
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19
Q

Endoderm in Fetal Stage

A
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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20
Q

Organogenesis in Fetal Stage

A
  • development of organs
  • heart begins to beat
  • miscarriage is common (50-80% due to chromosomal abnormalities)
  • Cephalocaudal direction of development
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21
Q

Cephalaudal development

A

• Development from the head down through the lower part of the body

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22
Q

Fetal development (9 weeks-38 weeks)

A
  • can tell sex
  • muscular development
  • Quickening (kicking)
  • facial features
  • development of senses
  • sucking, swallowing, hiccups (5 months)
  • eyes open & close (6 months)
  • Brain connections
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23
Q

Age of Viability (6.5 months/28 weeks)

A
  • immature systems
  • lung development
  • respiratory system of most control
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24
Q

Fathers prenatal experience

A
  • support for mother: emotionally, physically & financially
  • sympathetic pregnancy: experience some symptoms of pregnancy
  • 11-65% men experience weight gain, mood swings, etc.,
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25
Q

Having a healthy pregnancy

A
  • prenatal pregnancy
  • prenatal medical care
  • maternal diet
  • stress management
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26
Q

Teratogens

A

Non-genetic agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development

27
Q

Maternal Illness

A
  • Rubella
  • Syphilis
  • HIV
28
Q

Maternal Illness: Rubella

A
  • German measles

- Damage to the CNS= Blind, deaf, mental retardation, heart, liver, bone structure

29
Q

Maternal Illness: Syphilis

A
  • exposure in 4th-5th month
  • Damage to CNS
  • Damage in bone structure including teeth
30
Q

Maternal Illness: HIV

A
  • Fewer than 2% of women w/ HIV have children that are HIV positive if mother remains on medication
  • 200-300 children born with HIV
31
Q

Effects of Thalidomide use during pregnancy

A
  • 60’s sedative
  • deformed limbs
  • defect in internal organs
  • brought to light effects of drug use during pregnancy
32
Q

Effects of heroin use during pregnancy

A
  • Increase chance of premature birth
  • withdrawal symptoms: tremors
  • Irritability
  • growth retardation
  • increased likelihood of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID)
33
Q

Effects of Cocaine use during pregnancy

A
  • Reduced blood flow in placenta
  • increased likelihood of SID
  • Risk of miscarriage
  • Risk of still-birth
  • Risk of premature birth
  • born irritable, inconsolable, shaky, irregular patterns including sleep/wake cycle patterns
  • if still using after: could effect maternal bonding
34
Q

Effects of Marijuana use during pregnancy

A
  • most commonly used illicit drug

- results: low birth weight, growth retardation

35
Q

Effects of Nicotene use during pregnancy

A
  • including second hand
  • low birth weight
  • 25-56% to die as an infant (neo-nataly)
  • 50% more likely to develop cancer
  • likely to have respiratory issues like asthma
  • SIDS
  • ADHD
  • Learning disabilities
36
Q

Effects of Prescription Drugs use during pregnancy

A
  • should be avoided & if use should be discussed with a physician
37
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • Known since 70’s
  • abnormal facial features
  • smooth ridge
  • thin upper lip
  • eyes look apart
  • CNS
  • smaller head size
  • significant changes in the structure of the brain
  • functional defects
  • low IQ, learning disabilities
  • attention prob./ hyperactivity
  • executive function (planning, organizing, grasping cause & effect)
  • social skills, immature for age
38
Q

Environmental exposures

A
  • Lead poisoning (e.g: lead base paint, effects brain dev. adhd like system)
  • Mercury (in vaccinations?) limit fish during pregnancy
  • Radiation (effects cell dev)
39
Q

Fawcette’s study: advantages of having a 1st child

A
  1. Excitement to life
  2. Someone to give/receive love
  3. Strengthen the bond btwn. parents
40
Q

Fawcette’s study: disadvantages of having a 1st child

A
  1. Financial resources
  2. Loss of freedom
  3. Worry (safety, health of child)
41
Q

Fawcettes Study

A
  • 3 Advantages/Disadvantages
  • Overall joyful & stressful
  • 75% children are their main satisfaction
  • Only 8% regret parental responsibility
42
Q

Postpartum Depression (baby blues)

A 
• Less involved with children
• negative when interacting w/ children
• children of depressed mothers 
1. higher behavior problems
2. lower cognitive functions
• Higher rate of maternal depression in low resource countries
43
Q

Cultural Norms

A
  • Medicalized culture (epidural, prenatal vitamins, ultra sounds, blood tests)
  • Father presence in birthing room
  • Breast Feeding
  • Increasing use of mid-wives, doulas, birthing centers
44
Q

3 Stages of Perinatal Period

A
  1. Contractions/ Active Labor
    a. contractions become larger, stronger & more frequent.
    b. cervix dilated 4cm
    c. lasts 3-8 hrs
  2. Delivery
    a. baby moves into position
    b. urge to push
  3. After birth
    a. delivery to placenta
45
Q

Risks: Maternal Death

A
  • having a child, 1 of the biggest health risks for women WORLDWIDE
  • 1500 die everyday
46
Q

Anoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency to cells can produce tissue damage, brain damage.

47
Q

Anoxia Mechanisms

A
  1. Umbilical cord wrapped around the neck
  2. Rip, Tears in the placenta
  3. Medication effecting the breathing of a child
  4. Breach Birth (not positioned properly)
  5. Mucus
  6. RH factor
48
Q

Infant mortality

A
  • 1,000 live births

* increases in preterm deliveries

49
Q

Effects of low birth weight

A
  • less than 5 pounds, 4 ounces

* developmental issues

50
Q

Neonatal

A

After birth

51
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID’S)

A
  • Infant dies suddenly without reason
  • usually during the night
  • happens btwn 1- 12 month olds
  • highest risk 2-4 months
  • 3,000 cases anually
52
Q

“Back to sleep”

A

• lay the child on their back to sleep to prevent accidents

53
Q

“Tummy Time”

A

• To develop motor skills

54
Q

Neonatal Assesments

A
  1. Apgar Exam

2. Brazelton

55
Q

What does the Apgar Exam Examine?

A
  • Administered @ birth
  • Ranges on a scale of 0-10
  • Up to 2 pts. each
  • Lower #’s signify an issue
  • Appearance/ Color
  • Pulse, Heart rate (much higher than adults)
  • Grimace (look for response)
  • Activity (movement, muscle tone)
  • Resperation (strong-shallow-no breath)
56
Q

What does the Brazelton examine?

A 
• 1 week old & done later on in infancy
• ability to interact
1. Attention
2. Muscle tone
3. Movement
4. Control of alertness (habituation)
57
Q

Habituation

A

Paying less attention to stimuli you have already been exposed to

58
Q

6 states of arousal

A
  1. Quiet-deep sleep
  2. Active-light sleep
  3. Drowsiness
  4. Alert inactivity
  5. Alert activity
  6. Crying
59
Q

Changing sleep paterns

A
  • new borns sleep up to 18 hrs/day
  • REM Sleep
  • Autostimulation
  • 5-6 wks= adopt 24 hr schedule
  • 12-16 wks=typically sleeping through the night & awake during the day
60
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • Rapid eye movement

* might promote brain development in infancy

61
Q

Autostimulation

A

• REM Decreases as brain develop increases

62
Q

Breast Feeding Advantages

A
  • antibodies for immune systems
  • natural for babies
  • reduced risk of allergies to milk
  • postive effect on mothers mood (octyocins)
  • Weight management
63
Q

Breast Feeding Disadvantages

A
  • Responsibility vs. parental
  • mother is busier, ability to rest?
  • father inclusion? less bonding?
64
Q

Iron defficiancy

A
  • begins to modify the brains metabolism

* 19/21 studies reported poorer mental, motor & social functions

developmental psychology (15 decks)

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