Historical Perspective, Scientific Theories & Themes Flashcards
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
- Origin of species
* Baby Biographies
Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)
- U.S Born
- Psychologist & physician
- Nativist; Maturation (born with knowledge)
- Mapped out observing children, developed the growth chart
- believed children should be studied biologically
Konrad Lorenz (1930’s)
- Zoologist/ethologist
- Looked into IMPRINTING
- Whoever is seen first is considered to be the caregiver to the infant
- Found that there are sensitive periods in language in bonding; child should see the caregiver to create a strong bond
- Critical period has not been found
John Bowly (1960’s-1980’s)
- Ethology & Psychoanalystical
- Bowlby’s attachment theory
- Emotional bond btwn. caregiver that develops during sensitive period.
- Children’s emotional issues is a result of lack of attachment to a primary caregiver during infancy
- Infants are born WITH characteristics meant to keep the mother close & nurturing (i.e: smell, soft skin)
What are the developmental stages?
- Conception to birth
- Infancy & toddlerhood
- Early childhood, preschool
- Middle childhood, school age
- Adolescence
- Emerging adulthood
What is the age range of conception to birth?
~9 months
What is the age range of infancy & toddlerhood?
Birth to 3
What is the age range of early childhood, preschool?
3 to 5
What is the age range of Middle childhood, school age?
6 to 12
What is the age range of adolescence?
13 to 18
What is the age range of emerging adulthood?
18 to ~25
What are other terms representing the Nature vs. Nurture theme?
- Developmental vs. Learned behavior
- Emergent skills vs. Acquired skills
- Maturation vs. learning
What is maturation?
Biological development according to a plan contained in the genes
What is learning?
A process through which our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts & behaviors.
What are other developmental themes?
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity
- Normative vs. Idiographic
- Universal vs. Cultural
- Active vs. passive
What is continuity?
- Gradual changes
- Build on skills
- Learning
What is discontinuity?
- Abrupt changes
- Qualitatively different
- Biological changes
What is normative?
Development of the “average” child
What is idiographic?
Variations seen in individual child
What is universals of development?
- Physical changes associated w/ biology
- Babbling in native language
- Happens regardless of culture, race
What are cultural differences?
- Depends on expectations of culture
* Goals of parenting practices (socialization)
In the renaissance period (1600’s, 1700’s) what were the believes of how children were born?
- St. Nicholas
- Children should not be mistreated, should be treated with warmth & affection
- Stubborn Child Act of Massachusetts, put to child to death for misbehaving? Said that no child was put to death under this law.
Medieval Perspective on children?
- Largely a christian view
- Children are born into sin & evil
- More responsibility, miniature adults
- Harsh disciplines to get the child to act how the parent desires
Historical context on child development
- Eurocentric History
- Male perspective, almost no mention of girls
- Philosophies regarding good & evil
- Environment or predetermined?
Ancient Europe (Rome, Greece) view on children & child development?
- Put children to death as sacrifice
- Child looked upon as property of adults
- Used as wanted/needed
What is the intention of developmental theories?
- To describe, predict & explain changes in behavior over the life span – from conception to death
- Attempt to organize & summarize existing facts
- Should allow us to make predictions
John Locke
- Environmentalist
- 1600’s british philosopher
- Children are born as a blank slate or TABLA RASA
- Believed children are born equal
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 1700’s, french
- Believes children are born good, pure & with a conscious
- Believed children would have good outcomes
- Parents role to be there & keep them good & pure
- Nobel Savage
What are the 3 parts of the personality according to Freud?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What is Id?
- Pleasure principle
* No contact with reality
What is ego?
- Reality principle
- According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
What is superego?
- Morality, conscience
* Our sense of right from wrong
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Model?
- 0-1: Oral
- 1-3: Anal
- 3-6: Phallic
- 6-12: Latency
- 12-18: Genital
What is the oral stage?
- 0-2 Yrs
- Orally fixated
- Focus on oral pleasure (i.e. breast feeding & putting everything to the mouth)
What is the Anal stage?
- 2-3 yrs
- Focus on pleasure on the anus
- Potty training
What is the Phallic stage?
- 3-6 years old
- family romance
- focus on pleasure is on the penis/clitoris
What is the latency stage?
- 6-12 yrs
- Sexual drive goes underground
- Gives energy to schooling
What is the genital stage?
- 12+ yrs.
* Adult sexuality
What is Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?
- 8 stages from birth to old age
- 0-1: Basic trust (problems may occur if this stage isn’t established)
- 1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt (becoming more independent, separate from adults, similar to adolescence?)
- 3-4: Initiative vs. guilt
- 6-12: Industrious vs. Inferiority (master skills or feeling enable)
- 12-20: Identity vs. Role confusion (establishing identity)
- Adult: Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is Lev Vygotsky’s theory on cognitive development?
- Emphasized social context
- Who we are based on culture & context
- Knowledge acquired through culture
- Internalization
What is internalization?
Incorporating knowledge & thinking through interactions
What is vygotsky’s info processing model?
- Content
- Tools of intellectual adaption
- Dialectal Process
- Scaffolding (building on skills)
- Internalization
- Zone of proximal development: learn somethings alone w/ guidance of adults
John B. Watson
- Behaviorist
- Influenced by John Locke
- Classical conditioning
- Study of little Albert (associated all furry things w/ a loud bang)
- Born w/ a blank slate & that children can be conditioned by manipulating environment
Reinforcers
Increases behavior
Punishers
Decrease behavior
Operant conditioning; B.F Skinner
- Enviormentalist
- Reinforcers
- Punishers
Social Learning; Albert Bandura
- Enviormentalist
- Observational learning/Modeling
- Experiment w/ Bobo Dolls
What is Ethology?
Looking at human development in the context of studying animal behavior
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Model?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
- Development: unique characteristics of child interact w/ child surroundings
What is microsystem?
Direct relationship w/ child (i.e parents, teachers)
What is mesosystem?
Interaction btwn. those who have direct relationship w/ child in the microsystem (i.e teacher & parents getting along to collaborate to child’s success)
What is the exosytem?
- Not so direct
- Ex: Parents boss, school board
- Parent’s boss has effect on child bc the boss can affect the parents mood
What is macrosystem?
- Attitudes & ideologies of the culture
* ex: court system protecting children, views on male v. female
What is chronosystem?
How things might change overtime
Classical Conditioning
• Pavlov experiment with the dog, food & salvate
Piagets Theory
- Stage theorist
* cognitive dev.
Psychoanalytical Theories
Emphasis on emotional conflict as motivation for change (development)
Sigmund Freud
- Psychoanalyst
* Stage theorist
Erik Erikson
- Psychosocial theory
* Stage theorist
Cognitive Development Theories
• Behavior guided by thinking
Lev Vygotsky
- Cognitive Dev
* socio-cultural
Learning theories (environmental)
Behavior is acquired through a learning process
