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Developmental Psychology > Historical Perspective, Scientific Theories & Themes > Flashcards

Historical Perspective, Scientific Theories & Themes Flashcards

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1
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • Origin of species

* Baby Biographies

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2
Q

Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)

A
  • U.S Born
  • Psychologist & physician
  • Nativist; Maturation (born with knowledge)
  • Mapped out observing children, developed the growth chart
  • believed children should be studied biologically
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3
Q

Konrad Lorenz (1930’s)

A
  • Zoologist/ethologist
  • Looked into IMPRINTING
  • Whoever is seen first is considered to be the caregiver to the infant
  • Found that there are sensitive periods in language in bonding; child should see the caregiver to create a strong bond
  • Critical period has not been found
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4
Q

John Bowly (1960’s-1980’s)

A
  • Ethology & Psychoanalystical
  • Bowlby’s attachment theory
  • Emotional bond btwn. caregiver that develops during sensitive period.
  • Children’s emotional issues is a result of lack of attachment to a primary caregiver during infancy
  • Infants are born WITH characteristics meant to keep the mother close & nurturing (i.e: smell, soft skin)
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5
Q

What are the developmental stages?

A
  • Conception to birth
  • Infancy & toddlerhood
  • Early childhood, preschool
  • Middle childhood, school age
  • Adolescence
  • Emerging adulthood
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6
Q

What is the age range of conception to birth?

A

~9 months

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7
Q

What is the age range of infancy & toddlerhood?

A

Birth to 3

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8
Q

What is the age range of early childhood, preschool?

A

3 to 5

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9
Q

What is the age range of Middle childhood, school age?

A

6 to 12

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10
Q

What is the age range of adolescence?

A

13 to 18

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11
Q

What is the age range of emerging adulthood?

A

18 to ~25

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12
Q

What are other terms representing the Nature vs. Nurture theme?

A
  • Developmental vs. Learned behavior
  • Emergent skills vs. Acquired skills
  • Maturation vs. learning
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13
Q

What is maturation?

A

Biological development according to a plan contained in the genes

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14
Q

What is learning?

A

A process through which our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts & behaviors.

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15
Q

What are other developmental themes?

A
  • Continuity vs. Discontinuity
  • Normative vs. Idiographic
  • Universal vs. Cultural
  • Active vs. passive
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16
Q

What is continuity?

A
  • Gradual changes
  • Build on skills
  • Learning
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17
Q

What is discontinuity?

A
  • Abrupt changes
  • Qualitatively different
  • Biological changes
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18
Q

What is normative?

A

Development of the “average” child

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19
Q

What is idiographic?

A

Variations seen in individual child

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20
Q

What is universals of development?

A
  • Physical changes associated w/ biology
  • Babbling in native language
  • Happens regardless of culture, race
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21
Q

What are cultural differences?

A
  • Depends on expectations of culture

* Goals of parenting practices (socialization)

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22
Q

In the renaissance period (1600’s, 1700’s) what were the believes of how children were born?

A
  • St. Nicholas
  • Children should not be mistreated, should be treated with warmth & affection
  • Stubborn Child Act of Massachusetts, put to child to death for misbehaving? Said that no child was put to death under this law.
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23
Q

Medieval Perspective on children?

A
  • Largely a christian view
  • Children are born into sin & evil
  • More responsibility, miniature adults
  • Harsh disciplines to get the child to act how the parent desires
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24
Q

Historical context on child development

A
  • Eurocentric History
  • Male perspective, almost no mention of girls
  • Philosophies regarding good & evil
  • Environment or predetermined?
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25
Q

Ancient Europe (Rome, Greece) view on children & child development?

A
  • Put children to death as sacrifice
  • Child looked upon as property of adults
  • Used as wanted/needed
26
Q

What is the intention of developmental theories?

A
  • To describe, predict & explain changes in behavior over the life span – from conception to death
  • Attempt to organize & summarize existing facts
  • Should allow us to make predictions
27
Q

John Locke

A
  • Environmentalist
  • 1600’s british philosopher
  • Children are born as a blank slate or TABLA RASA
  • Believed children are born equal
28
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A
  • 1700’s, french
  • Believes children are born good, pure & with a conscious
  • Believed children would have good outcomes
  • Parents role to be there & keep them good & pure
  • Nobel Savage
29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the personality according to Freud?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
30
Q

What is Id?

A
  • Pleasure principle

* No contact with reality

31
Q

What is ego?

A
  • Reality principle
  • According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
32
Q

What is superego?

A
  • Morality, conscience

* Our sense of right from wrong

33
Q

What is Freud’s Psychosexual Model?

A
  • 0-1: Oral
  • 1-3: Anal
  • 3-6: Phallic
  • 6-12: Latency
  • 12-18: Genital
34
Q

What is the oral stage?

A
  • 0-2 Yrs
  • Orally fixated
  • Focus on oral pleasure (i.e. breast feeding & putting everything to the mouth)
35
Q

What is the Anal stage?

A
  • 2-3 yrs
  • Focus on pleasure on the anus
  • Potty training
36
Q

What is the Phallic stage?

A
  • 3-6 years old
  • family romance
  • focus on pleasure is on the penis/clitoris
37
Q

What is the latency stage?

A
  • 6-12 yrs
  • Sexual drive goes underground
  • Gives energy to schooling
38
Q

What is the genital stage?

A
  • 12+ yrs.

* Adult sexuality

39
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?

A
  • 8 stages from birth to old age
  • 0-1: Basic trust (problems may occur if this stage isn’t established)
  • 1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt (becoming more independent, separate from adults, similar to adolescence?)
  • 3-4: Initiative vs. guilt
  • 6-12: Industrious vs. Inferiority (master skills or feeling enable)
  • 12-20: Identity vs. Role confusion (establishing identity)
  • Adult: Intimacy vs. Isolation
40
Q

What is Lev Vygotsky’s theory on cognitive development?

A
  • Emphasized social context
  • Who we are based on culture & context
  • Knowledge acquired through culture
  • Internalization
41
Q

What is internalization?

A

Incorporating knowledge & thinking through interactions

42
Q

What is vygotsky’s info processing model?

A
  1. Content
  2. Tools of intellectual adaption
  3. Dialectal Process
  4. Scaffolding (building on skills)
  5. Internalization
  6. Zone of proximal development: learn somethings alone w/ guidance of adults
43
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • Behaviorist
  • Influenced by John Locke
  • Classical conditioning
  • Study of little Albert (associated all furry things w/ a loud bang)
  • Born w/ a blank slate & that children can be conditioned by manipulating environment
44
Q

Reinforcers

A

Increases behavior

45
Q

Punishers

A

Decrease behavior

46
Q

Operant conditioning; B.F Skinner

A
  • Enviormentalist
  • Reinforcers
  • Punishers
47
Q

Social Learning; Albert Bandura

A
  • Enviormentalist
  • Observational learning/Modeling
  • Experiment w/ Bobo Dolls
48
Q

What is Ethology?

A

Looking at human development in the context of studying animal behavior

49
Q

What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Model?

A
  • Microsystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Macrosystem
  • Chronosystem
  • Development: unique characteristics of child interact w/ child surroundings
50
Q

What is microsystem?

A

Direct relationship w/ child (i.e parents, teachers)

51
Q

What is mesosystem?

A

Interaction btwn. those who have direct relationship w/ child in the microsystem (i.e teacher & parents getting along to collaborate to child’s success)

52
Q

What is the exosytem?

A
  • Not so direct
  • Ex: Parents boss, school board
  • Parent’s boss has effect on child bc the boss can affect the parents mood
53
Q

What is macrosystem?

A
  • Attitudes & ideologies of the culture

* ex: court system protecting children, views on male v. female

54
Q

What is chronosystem?

A

How things might change overtime

55
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

• Pavlov experiment with the dog, food & salvate

56
Q

Piagets Theory

A
  • Stage theorist

* cognitive dev.

57
Q

Psychoanalytical Theories

A

Emphasis on emotional conflict as motivation for change (development)

58
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Psychoanalyst

* Stage theorist

59
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • Psychosocial theory

* Stage theorist

60
Q

Cognitive Development Theories

A

• Behavior guided by thinking

61
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A
  • Cognitive Dev

* socio-cultural

62
Q

Learning theories (environmental)

A

Behavior is acquired through a learning process

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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