Parenting, Family Factors: Siblings & Divorce & Maltreatment & Trauma Flashcards
Diana Baumrind - Level of warmth/responsiveness
• degree to which parent responds to child’s need in an accepting & supporting manner
Diana Baumrind - Level of demandingness/control
• degree to which parents expects/demands mature, responsible behavior from the child
What are the characteristics of an authoritative parent?
- High demandingness/control & High Acceptance/ Responsiveness
• warm, but firm
• use reasoning
• children are more cheerful, more creative, achievement oriented
What are the characteristics of an authoritarian parent?
- High on control/demandigness & low on acceptance/ responsiveness
•place high value on obedience & conformity
• more punitive
• do not encourage independent behavior
•children more unfriendly & unhappy
What are the characteristics of permissive/indulgent parents?
- Low on control/demandigness & high on acceptance/responsiveness
•great deal of warmth & acceptance, but few if any rules
• children are more impulsive, lower self-control, more agressive, bossy & self centered
What are the characteristics of indifferent/uninvolved/neglectful parent?
- Low demandingness/control & low acceptance/responsiveness
• low on warmth & low dimension of control
• parents may be disinterested in parenting
• children are more agressive, worse in school
What are some racial/ethnic differences in parenting styles?
- higher authoritative = whites
- higher authoritarian = minorities
- may be ok in different environments
What are some indirect effects of marital conflicts
- Parents tend to be more cold & unresponsive
* Poor limit setting= children tend to be more angry, non compliant.
What are some direct effects of marital conflicts?
• according to Mark Cummings
- distress in presence of conflict
- more distress if conflict unresolved
What are some effects of divorce?
- 60% of new (first time married) couples divorce (today)
- 9% of new couples divorced in the 1960’s
- Risks for children
- Poor academic performance
- Higher school drop out
- Conduct problems (esp. boys)
- Low self-esteem
- Early sexual activity
- Substance use
- Later relationship problems
What are some factors that impact adjustment?
- Level of conflict before divorce
- Level of conflict during and after divorce
- Financial difficulties and poverty (economic warfare)
- High levels of parental distress
- Greater numbers of life changes and disruptions
- Level of involvement by non-custodial parent
What are some effects due to single parenting?
- If single parenting due to death child does well academically & emotionally.
- Single parent families more likely to fall below the poverty line (increases parental stress & decreases parenting skill, which affects child well-being).
- Lower academic achievement
- More psychological problems
- Affects parents ability to parent effectively
- Emotional parentification: Children becoming more concerced about parents emotional needs more than their own.
Can contribute to development of competence & maturity for older children
Can be an overwhelming burden for younger children
What are some facts about single parents home by race/ethnicity?
- 16% Asian / Pacific Islander
- 24% Non-Hispanic Whites
- 40% Hispanic /Latinos
- 53% American Indian
- 67% African American **
Father involvement
- have been found to be equally nurturing & competent
- infants (children) become attached to fathers
- results in children w/ father involvement= children better academically & behavioral regardless if the father is living in the household or not.
What are some of the effects of remarriage?
- Academic performance does not increase over the level they achieved in a single-parent family
- Adjustment & well being lower
Remarriage & Step families; Sleeper effects
In adolescence:
- Greater problems for girls
- Fewer problems for boys
Issues of poverty
Children in poverty are more likely to have academic failure, poor physical health, and behavior problems
38% of children in the U.S. grow up in low income and impoverished households
Much higher rates for minority youth
Child poverty sometimes secondary to parental divorce and separation
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Model?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
- Development: unique characteristics of child interact w/ child surroundings
What is microsystem?
Direct relationship w/ child (i.e parents, teachers)
What is mesosystem?
Interaction btwn. those who have direct relationship w/ child in the microsystem (i.e teacher & parents getting along to collaborate to child’s success)
What is the exosytem?
- Not so direct
- Ex: Parents boss, school board
- Parent’s boss has effect on child bc the boss can affect the parents mood
What is macrosystem?
- Attitudes & ideologies of the culture
* ex: court system protecting children, views on male v. female
What is chronosystem?
How things might change overtime
What is the importance of sibling relationships?
- Outgrow any other relationship in terms of time
- Unique relationship bc sibling may play many roles such as care giver, challenger, teacher, companion, can also be negative (negative role model)
What are some findings on first-born child based on personality research?
- High achievers
- Behave more responsibly
What are some findings on middle child based on personality research?
- Socially skilled
- Popular
What are some findings on youngest child based on personality research?
- Spoiled
What are some findings on first borns (according to Sulloway’s 1997, Born to rebel)
- Conservative
- Conforming
What are some findings on later borns (according to Sulloway’s 1997, Born to rebel)
- Unconventional
- Rebellious
What have large scale studies showed on birth order?
- There have not been consistently confirmed personality differences based on birth order
What did the reading say about the only child?
- only child may have social disadvantage (no sibling to teach them something.
- Uniqueness may place them at a disadvantage
- Quality of parent-child relationship is unique (may see parents anxiety for having first child & has all of the parents attention)
How does the only child turn out?
- High achievement
- Good adjustment
- Strong character
- Positive social relationships
Emotional parentification
Children becoming more concerced about parents emotional needs more than their own.
Can contribute to development of competence & maturity for older children
Can be an overwhelming burden for younger children
What are some effects of marital conflict?
High conflict increase anxiety in children
What are some effects of divorce on
- On average children whose parents divorce experience more adjustment problems as they grow or develop
- 20-25% from divorced parents experience behavior problems
boys: more disobedient, aggressive, demanding & lacking self-control – externalizing behavior problems. - More likely to get a divorce themselves in the future
- Preschool children = may become more aggressive towards peers, may experience separation anxiety
School age children = may react to divorce with sadness & depression - Adolescence= may respond w/ problem behavior
Information on adoptive families
- The older a child is at adoption, the greater the risk of behavioral problems
Information on gay & lesbians as parents
- No evidence to support negative outcomes for children with gay or lesbian parents
- No evidence to support difference in gender role development and sexual identity
- No evidence to support differences in sexual orientation
What are some issues related to grandparents as parents?
- Because of the possible circumstances that grandparents became parents (may not have legal rights) they may have difficulties taking care of the grandchild’s needs (such as enrolling the child in school, and giving permission for medical care)
What is the role of trauma in relation to child development?
- After a traumatic event child may be left w/ the feeling that their world is not secure or predictable
- Immediate reactions such as..
Nightmares
Loss of interest in normal activities
Lack of concentration
Anger
Sadness
Somatic complaints (stomachaches or headaches)
Some may re-experience the trauma
What is emotional deprivation?
The lack of adequate and appropriate interpersonal and environmental interaction
What is emotional abuse?
a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder.
