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Developmental Psychology > Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • Started in biology & later shifted into psychology
  • noticed that children’s responses varied by age
  • wanted to know how children develop their understanding of the world
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2
Q

Jean Piaget & his research

A
  • Revised his theories throughout his life based on new observations
  • Revised theories through semi-structured interviews & observations
  • Cognitive development is a MATURATION process that happens in specific stages
  • Environment influences are limited
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3
Q

Jean Piaget & his theory

A
  • Continual organization of knowledge
  • Adolescent thinking qualitatively different from other ages
  • Cognitive development is a maturation process that occurs in stages
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4
Q

Biologically based functions

A
  • Organize

* Adapt – fit w/ environment to promote survival

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5
Q

What are the Processes of development?

A
  • Schemas
  • Constructivism
  • Disequilibrium
  • Equilibrium
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
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6
Q

What is a schema?

A
  • Processes of development

* outline/model

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7
Q

What is Constructivism?

A
  • Process of development

* Actively receive knowledge

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8
Q

What is Disequilibrium?

A
  • Process of development

* State of confusion where schemas do not fit into experience

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9
Q

What is Equilibrium?

A
  • Process of development

* Attempt to resolve cognitive uncertainty

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10
Q

What is Assimilation?

A
  • Process of development

* Making a new experience fit into an existing schema

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11
Q

What is accommodation?

A
  • Process of development

* Changing existing schemas, to they fit new experiences

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12
Q

What are the Piagets 4 stages of development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (Birth-2 yrs old)
  2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs old)
  3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 yrs old)
  4. Formal Operations (12+ yrs old)
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13
Q

What happens in the sensorimotor stage? (Birth - 2 years old)

A
  • Learn about the environment through the senses
  • Simple reflexes
  • Developing Schemas (primary circular - repetition)
  • Discover Procedures (secondary circular - consequences of outside world)
  • Intentional behavior – Goal oriented
  • Novelty & exploration – Trial & error
  • Mental representation – pretending, imitation, thought
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14
Q

What happens in the pre-operational stage? (2-7 years old)?

A
  • Transductive reasoning – creating connections that do not exist based on observations
  • Mental representation
  • Magical reasons
  • Centration – can only focus on 1 aspect of object
  • Animism – Human attributes to inanimate objects
  • Artificialism – belief that natural objects were created by humans, for a human purpose
  • Lack of conservation – concentrate on length & height, cannot consider volume
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15
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage (7-12 years old)?

A
  • Logical thought
  • Reversibility (manipulation of info)
  • Classification
  • Transitivity – ability to recognize relationships among various things in a serial order
  • decrease egocentrism
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16
Q

What happens in the formal operations stage? (12 yrs. +)

A
  • Abstract thought – inventing & formulating ideas about things they have not been exposed to
  • Hypothetical deductive reasoning – forming hypotheses about how the world works & logically think about it
  • Inductive reasoning – how to figure out problems, individual examples to genera concepts
  • Internal Reflection (metacognition)
  • Adolescent egocentricity
17
Q

What were some critiques about piaget theory or model?

A
  • ages are inaccurate
  • stages do not differ
  • do the ideas stand up across different cultures?
18
Q

Attention in infancy

A
  • Novelty preference
  • Infantile amnesia
  • magic shrinking machine
19
Q

Attention in childhood

A
  • direct & sustain attention
  • individual differences
  • Processing efficacy
20
Q

Automaticity

A

When you become very good at doing a skill that you begin to do them implicitly

21
Q

Memory in childhood

A
  • scripts
  • repetition
  • organization
  • elaboration
  • Knowledge base – know more info, easier to remember related information
  • False memories – suggestibility
22
Q

Executive functioning

A
  • Coordinated attention & memory
  • controls behavioral responses
  • Inhibition – focus on 1 task
  • Cognitive flexibility – to switch attention
23
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

24
Q

Metamemory

A

understanding how memory works & how to use it effectively

25
Q

What is object play?

A

• Playing with a physical object

26
Q

What is pretend play?

A
  • Symbolic
  • e.g: Pretending to be a doctor. Child is holding an image of what it is like to be a doctor & is acting out this notion of being a doctor.
27
Q

What is Vygotsy’s sociocultural perspective on cognitive development?

A

Who we are is based on our culture and on the context.

28
Q

What is zone of proximal development?

A
  • Vygotsky

* Suggests that the zone of proximal development is what the child could do only with assistance.

29
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding only the basic quanity

30
Q

What is centration?

A

Focusing on only 1 detail at a time.

31
Q

What is animism?

A

Giving human like characteristics to objects.

32
Q

What is the mountain task?

A
  • Piaget & Inhelder
  • Developed to examine cognitive development at different stages
  • Examines egocentricity: egocentric child believes that the teddy bear sees the same view the child sees.
33
Q

What are some differences between piagets model & the information processing model?

A
  • Piaget focused on genetic epistemology

* Information processing: Brain & environmental experiences = cognitive development

34
Q

What are some similarities between piagets model & the information processing model?

A
  • study of cognition
  • theoretical
  • some use of stages
35
Q

What are the 4 principles of Information Processing?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Memory
  3. Executive functioning
  4. Metacognition
36
Q

What is elaboration?

A

Creating extra connections to tie information together

37
Q

What is the structure of information processing?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Working memory
  3. Long term memory

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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