social development Flashcards
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development
children pass through universal stages, conflict resolution
erogenous zones
areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
id
earliest/most primitive structure, unconscious, operates under the pleasure principle
oral stage
first year, primary satisfaction in oral activity
ego
second to develop, rational, logical, problem-solving, mediates with the real world
anal stage
1-3 y/o, primary satisfaction through defecation
phallic stage
3-6 y/o, primary satisfaction through genitalia, emergence of gender, Oedipus/Electra complex
superego
third structure, internalized moral standards, conscious
latency period
6-12 y/o, sexual energy channeled into socially acceptable activities
genital stage
adolescence, sexual maturation complete
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial development
Freud’s theory + cultural influences + contemporary issues
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
1st year, trusting caregivers
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1-3.5 y/o, finding their independence with new skills
Initiative vs. Guilt
4-6 y/o, identifying with parents
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-puberty, cooperating w/ peers, mastering cognitive/social skills
Identity vs. Role Confusion
adolescence-adulthood, achievement of core sense of identity, dramatic physical/social change
Freud/Erikson current perspectives
- informed attachment theory/research
- foundation for research on adolescence and self-identity
John B. Watson’s behaviorism
- learning is heavily reliant on experience
- visible behavior!
- learning due to environment
- Little Albert experiment
B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning
- positive/negative punishment/reinforcement
- attention serves as a powerful reinforcer
intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to a behavior
behavior modification
therapy based on the principle of operant conditioning, reinforcement contingencies changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
ABCs of behavior
antecedent, behavior, consequence
Albert Bandura’s social-learning theory
- observation and imitation as learning mechanisms
- Bobo doll experiment
- attention, encoding, storing, and retrieving
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward/punishment
reciprocal determinism
children are both affected by and influence their environment
self-socialization and theories of social cognition
- cognition leads children to perceive the world and car in accord with their expectations
- development and abilities limited by the complexity of their thought processes
Selman’s stage theory of role-taking
- 6-8 y/o: learn that other’s have different perspectives, but assume its due to a lack of knowledge
- 8-10 y/o: now able to think abt another person’s perspective
- 10-12 y/o: can systematically compare perspectives
- 12-older: “generalized” other, compare with their own perspective
role-taking
being aware of the perspective of another person
Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving
how aggression is used as a problem-solving stategy
hostile attributional bias
tendency to assume ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent
- later become self-fulfilling prophecies, aggressive actions
Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or others’ views of their success (learning vs. performance)
entity/helpless orientation
tendency to attribute success/failure to enduring aspects of the self and give up in the face of failure, views intelligence as something unchangeable
incremental/mastery orientation
tendency to attribute success/failure to the amount of effort, persist in the face of failure, view intelligence as something that can grow
ethology
the study of the evolutionary basis of behavior
imprinintg
form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species
- Konrad Lorenz! made behavior a biological inquiry
evolutionary psychology
Darwinism and natural selection applied to the study of behavior
parental-investment theory
evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring, motivated to perpetuate their genes, evidence: homicide and fathers
the bioecological model
Urie Brofenbrenner, multiple levels of bidirectional systems interacting, implications for parenting and education
microsystem
the immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences/participates in
mesosystem
interconnections among immediate, or microsystem settings
ex. parents and teachers
exosystem
environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but can affects the child indirectly
macrosystem
the larger cultural/social context within which the other systems are embedded
chronosystem
historical changes that influence other systems
the media and development
ex. broadcasting differences in Seasme street
- media violence, social media, physical inactivity, academic achievement, pornography
cross-cutting factors
motivation, gender, expectations
