social development

Question 1

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development

Answer 1

children pass through universal stages, conflict resolution

Question 2

erogenous zones

Answer 2

areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Question 3

id

Answer 3

earliest/most primitive structure, unconscious, operates under the pleasure principle

Question 4

oral stage

Answer 4

first year, primary satisfaction in oral activity

Question 5

ego

Answer 5

second to develop, rational, logical, problem-solving, mediates with the real world

Question 6

anal stage

Answer 6

1-3 y/o, primary satisfaction through defecation

Question 7

phallic stage

Answer 7

3-6 y/o, primary satisfaction through genitalia, emergence of gender, Oedipus/Electra complex

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

third structure, internalized moral standards, conscious

Question 9

latency period

Answer 9

6-12 y/o, sexual energy channeled into socially acceptable activities

Question 10

genital stage

Answer 10

adolescence, sexual maturation complete

Question 11

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial development

Answer 11

Freud’s theory + cultural influences + contemporary issues

Question 12

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 12

1st year, trusting caregivers

Question 13

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 13

1-3.5 y/o, finding their independence with new skills

Question 14

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 14

4-6 y/o, identifying with parents

Question 15

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 15

6-puberty, cooperating w/ peers, mastering cognitive/social skills

Question 16

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 16

adolescence-adulthood, achievement of core sense of identity, dramatic physical/social change

Question 17

Freud/Erikson current perspectives

Answer 17

• informed attachment theory/research
• foundation for research on adolescence and self-identity

Question 18

John B. Watson’s behaviorism

Answer 18

• learning is heavily reliant on experience
• visible behavior!
• learning due to environment
• Little Albert experiment

Question 19

B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning

Answer 19

• positive/negative punishment/reinforcement
• attention serves as a powerful reinforcer

Question 20

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 20

inconsistent response to a behavior

Question 21

behavior modification

Answer 21

therapy based on the principle of operant conditioning, reinforcement contingencies changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

Question 22

ABCs of behavior

Answer 22

antecedent, behavior, consequence

Question 23

Albert Bandura’s social-learning theory

Answer 23

• observation and imitation as learning mechanisms
• Bobo doll experiment
• attention, encoding, storing, and retrieving

Question 24

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 24

observing someone else receive a reward/punishment

Question 25

reciprocal determinism

Answer 25

children are both affected by and influence their environment

Question 26

self-socialization and theories of social cognition

Answer 26

• cognition leads children to perceive the world and car in accord with their expectations
• development and abilities limited by the complexity of their thought processes

Question 27

Selman’s stage theory of role-taking

Answer 27

1. 6-8 y/o: learn that other’s have different perspectives, but assume its due to a lack of knowledge
2. 8-10 y/o: now able to think abt another person’s perspective
3. 10-12 y/o: can systematically compare perspectives
4. 12-older: “generalized” other, compare with their own perspective

Question 28

role-taking

Answer 28

being aware of the perspective of another person

Question 29

Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving

Answer 29

how aggression is used as a problem-solving stategy

Question 30

hostile attributional bias

Answer 30

tendency to assume ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent
- later become self-fulfilling prophecies, aggressive actions

Question 31

Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation

Answer 31

refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or others’ views of their success (learning vs. performance)

Question 32

entity/helpless orientation

Answer 32

tendency to attribute success/failure to enduring aspects of the self and give up in the face of failure, views intelligence as something unchangeable

Question 33

incremental/mastery orientation

Answer 33

tendency to attribute success/failure to the amount of effort, persist in the face of failure, view intelligence as something that can grow

Question 34

ethology

Answer 34

the study of the evolutionary basis of behavior

Question 35

imprinintg

Answer 35

form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species
- Konrad Lorenz! made behavior a biological inquiry

Question 36

evolutionary psychology

Answer 36

Darwinism and natural selection applied to the study of behavior

Question 37

parental-investment theory

Answer 37

evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring, motivated to perpetuate their genes, evidence: homicide and fathers

Question 38

the bioecological model

Answer 38

Urie Brofenbrenner, multiple levels of bidirectional systems interacting, implications for parenting and education

Question 39

microsystem

Answer 39

the immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences/participates in

Question 40

mesosystem

Answer 40

interconnections among immediate, or microsystem settings
ex. parents and teachers

Question 41

exosystem

Answer 41

environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but can affects the child indirectly

Question 42

macrosystem

Answer 42

the larger cultural/social context within which the other systems are embedded

Question 43

chronosystem

Answer 43

historical changes that influence other systems

Question 44

the media and development

Answer 44

ex. broadcasting differences in Seasme street
- media violence, social media, physical inactivity, academic achievement, pornography

Question 45

cross-cutting factors

Answer 45

motivation, gender, expectations