Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psych > development of language and signal use > Flashcards

development of language and signal use Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

purpose of language

A

communication! – semantics and pragmatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is language?

A

symbols + rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

symbols

A

systems for representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating them to othersa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when do children master the basic structure of their language?

A

around age 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

comprehension

A

understanding of what others say/sign/write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

production

A

process of speaking/signing/writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

generative

A

using a finite set of words to generate an infinite number of sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phonemes

A

smallest units of a meaningful word (sounds)
English uses 45/200 worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest units of meaning in language
ex. dogs - 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

syntax

A

rules specifying how words from different categories can be combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pragmatics

A

knowledge about how a language us used (context)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is required to learn language?

A
  • a human brain (other animals cannot acquire language like humans)
  • a human environment - exposure to others using language (those deprived of this environment do not learn language to the same degree)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

brain-language lateralization

A

90% of right handers language represented in the left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

language acquisition sensitive period

A

ends somewhere between 5-puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bilingualism

A

fluency in two languages
- does not cause language/developmental delay
- can begin in the womb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

language mixing

A

when children learning two or more languages mix certain vocab, grammar, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

infant-directed speech

A

distinctive mode of speech used when speaking to infants/toddlers, pitch variability, slower speech, more word repetition and questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

receptive language

A

comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

expressive language

A

production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vocabulary burst

A

latter half of second year, burst from knowing 100s of words to 1000s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nominal insight

A

realization that objects have names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when do children lose the ability to discriminate between all language sounds?

A

10-12 months

23
Q

what are the language learning stages?

A

pre-stage: producing sounds (3 months)
1. babbling (6-8 months)
2. first words (10-15 months) – holophrastic (12-15 months)
3. vocabulary burst (18-19 months)
4. telegraphic (24 months)
5. word sentences (30 months)
additional grammatical morphemes (about 3 years)

24
Q

what are the mechanisms of learning language?

A
  • perceptual narrowing/phoneme discrimination
  • statistical learning/word segmentation/distributional properties
  • biases - whole object, mutual exclusivity, syntactic bootstrapping, pragmatic cues
  • external help - environment/caregivers
25
Q

prosody

A

characteristic rhythm and intonational patterns with which language is spoken

26
Q

categorical perception

A

perception of phonemes belonging to specific categories

27
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

length of time between air passing though the lips and when vocal chords start vibrating (ba and pa)

28
Q

how many sounds can infants distinguish?

A

600 consonants and 20 vowels
lose this ability around 12 months
experience-independent process

29
Q

word segmentation

A

discovering where words begin and end in speech, develops in second half of first year

30
Q

distributional properties

A

certain sounds are more likely to occur together than others (appears days after birth)
can recognize their name at about 4.5 months

31
Q

babbling

A

repetitive consonant-vowel sequences or hand movements, emerges between 6-10 months, signals that baby is ready to learn!

32
Q

when do babies typically produce their first word?

A

10-15 months, culturally dependent

33
Q

overextension

A

using a word in a broader context than is appropriate (ex. a dog is all four-legged animals)

34
Q

underextension

A

using a word in a more limited context than appropriate (ex. only their dog is a doggie)

35
Q

mutual exclusivity

A

assumption that an entity will have only one name (not applicable to multi-lingual infants)

36
Q

whole object assumption

A

except a novel word to refer to a whole object rather than a part

37
Q

pragmatic cues

A

aspects of the social context used for word learning (emotion, position, etc.)

38
Q

cross situational word learning

A

determining meaning by tracking correlations over multiple scenes/contexts

39
Q

syntactic bootstrapping

A

using grammatical structure to infer the meaning of a new word

40
Q

when does simple sentence usage begin?

A

the end of the second year

41
Q

telegraphic speech

A

short utterances, leave out non-essential words ex. milk please!

42
Q

overregularization

A

speech errors in which children treat irregular forms as if they were regular (ex. I goed to the park)

43
Q

collective monologues

A

conversational between children that involves a series of non-sequiturs

44
Q

narratives

A

descriptions of the past that have the form of a story, emerges at about 5 years old, often aided by parents scaffolding

45
Q

how many words does an average fifth grader know?

A

40,000

46
Q

B.F Skinner theory

A

language is the result of experience and operant conditioning, reinforcement/punishment

47
Q

Chomsky theory

A

nativism, language is an innate developmental process, supported by creole languages, overregularization, critical developmental periods

48
Q

Universal Grammar

A

proposed set of highly abstract structures common to all languages (ex. complete invention of NSL)

49
Q

conncetionism

A

computational modeling approach that emphasizes simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units

50
Q

dual representation

A

treating a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself, develops through social/cultural experiences

51
Q

broca’s area

A

named after French neurologist Paul Broca
left interior frontal region
Broca’s aphasia: production aphasia, severely impaired language production, poor articulation

52
Q

wernicke’s area

A

German neurologist Carl Wernicke
left superior temporal area
Wernicke’s aphasia: word deafness, word blindness, difficulty finding words (anomia), fluent speech that makes no sense

53
Q

hemispherectomy

A

the removal of one brain hemisphere

Developmental Psych (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions