emotional development

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, and cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action

Question 2

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 2

physiologival arousal causes emotion, modern theories do not agree

Question 3

discrete emotions theory

Answer 3

a theory in which emotions are viewed as innate, each emotion has distinct bodily facial reactions, evolutionary influence

Question 4

functionalist perspective

Answer 4

a theory argues that basic function of emotions is to promote action towards achieving a goal, evolutionary meaning, adaptive functions

Question 5

structural theories/differential theory

Answer 5

stages of emotion: elicitors, receptors, states, expressions, experience
like learning theories – conditioning, basic emotions are innate, secondary emotions are learned

Question 6

what are some basic emotions?

Answer 6

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

Question 7

when is happiness first expressed?

Answer 7

between 3-8 weeks

Question 8

social smiles

Answer 8

smiles directed at people, emerge around 3rd month

Question 9

separation anxiety

Answer 9

distress when separated from individuals to whome they are emotionally attached, emerges around 7-8 months

Question 10

self-conscious emotions

Answer 10

relate to our sense of self-consciousness and other reactions, do not emerge until 2-3 years of age

Question 11

facial action coding system

Answer 11

method of measuring emotion via facial expressions, voice, etc.

Question 12

when do infants recognize emotion via facial expression?

Answer 12

about 3 months

Question 13

when do infants associate toys with emotion?

Answer 13

16-18 months

Question 14

social referencing

Answer 14

use of parent or another adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with a novel/ambiguous situation, use at around 12 months!

Question 15

emotional intelligence

Answer 15

ability to cognitively process information about emotions and guide thought/behavior

Question 16

when do children begin to understand false emotions?

Answer 16

3-5 years

Question 17

display rules

Answer 17

informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show/surpress emotion, large development between 4-8, dependent on culture and gender

Question 18

major emotional milestones

Answer 18

age 3 - realization of false emotions, identify happy situations
age 4 - identify sad situations
age 5 - development of identifying emotions, growing understanding of display rules
age 7 - self-conscious emotions emerge

Question 19

emotional regulation

Answer 19

conscious/unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences, related to academic and social success

Question 20

co-regulation

Answer 20

caregiver provides needed comfort or distraction to help child reduce distress

Question 21

self-comforting behavior

Answer 21

repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing mildly positive physical sensations

Question 22

self-distraction

Answer 22

looking away from upsetting stimuli in order to regulate arousal, increases with cognitive ability

Question 23

self-distraction

Answer 23

looking away from upsetting stimuli in order to regulate arousal, increases cognitive ability

Question 24

social competence

Answer 24

ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while maintaining positive relationships with others, related to bullying, school performance, etc.

Question 25

how do parents influence emotional development?

Answer 25

primary teachers of emotion, low support tends to lead to low social competence, positive emotions in the home influence high emotional skills, dismissal of emotions vs. support!

Question 26

emotional socialization

Answer 26

direct/indirect influence of parents on children’s standards, values, thinking, and feeling, the influence of culture

Question 27

emotion coaching

Answer 27

discussions to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotion, related to use of emotion language and social competence

Question 28

temperament

Answer 28

individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention across contexts and present from infancy, tend to describe innate characteristics

Question 29

three proposed categories of temperament:

Answer 29

easy babies, difficult babies, slow-to-warm babies

Question 30

how is temperament viewed now?

Answer 30

within-person approach, every child has some level of each dimension of temperament

Question 31

temperament dimensions:

Answer 31

fear, distress/anger/frustration, attention span, activity level, smiling and laughter

Question 32

determinants of temperament:

Answer 32

• genetic component
• environmental influence, cultural norms
• behavior of parents, passive gene-environment interaction

Question 33

Mary Rothbart and temperament

Answer 33

six dimensions, measured with questionairres, relativelt stable

Question 34

goodness of fit

Answer 34

degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands of their environment

Question 35

differential susceptibility

Answer 35

same temperament characteristic puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes with harsh home environments causes them to blossom in a positive home environments (orchids vs. dandelions)