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Developmental Psych > Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

genome

A

complete set of an organisms genes
mapped completely by researchers

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2
Q

genotype

A

inherited genetic material

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3
Q

phenotype

A

observable expression of genotype, both environment and behavior

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4
Q

environment

A

every aspect of individuals and their surroundings except genes

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

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6
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

carries all biochemical instructions involved in the formation/function of an organism
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, in nucleus of each cell

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7
Q

random assortment

A

chromosomes at conception, ensures variation

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8
Q

crossing over

A

gametes divide, chromosomes may swap DNA

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9
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X/Y, determine sex a birth, only sperm cary Y chromosome

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10
Q

endophenotype

A
  • intermediate phenotype (brain/nervous system) that do not involve overt behavior
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11
Q

regulator genes

A

control activity in other genes, often a chain reaction,, results in genetic diversity!

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12
Q

alleles

A

two or more different forms of a gene
Mendelian inheritance pattern
either dominant or recessive
homozygous or heterozygous

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13
Q

why are men more likely to experience sex-linked genetic disorders?

A

Y chromosome, so if they have a recessive X chromosome there is nothing to “cancel” it out

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14
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance pattern in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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15
Q

histone acetylation

A

promotes gene activity

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16
Q

histone methylation

A

inhibits genetic activity

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17
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

recessive gene on chromosome 12, cannot digest phenylalanine/aspartame, can cause impaired brain development, but if kept away, there is no problem

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18
Q

carrier genetic testing

A

used to determine if prospective parents are carriers of certain genetic disorders
ex. Jewish and Tay Sachs or African-American and sickle cell

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19
Q

prenatal testing

A

used to assess fetus risks (maternal blood, fetal DNA, placenta, amniotic fluid)

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20
Q

aneuploidy

A

missing or extra chromosome

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21
Q

newborn screening

A

pinprick to heel, tests for 30-50 genetic disorders

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22
Q

behavior genetics

A

studies how variations in behavior development results from genetic and environmental factors
assumes all behavioral traits are at least somewhat heritable
assumes reared together more similar than reared apart

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23
Q

types of behavioral genetics studies

A

family study, twin study, adoption study

24
Q

heritability

A

statistical estimate, proportion of measured variance in a given train that is attributable to genetic differences
common to find 50% in variance due to genetic differences
only applies to certain populations in a particular environment

25
Q

genetic disorder patterns

A

dominant/recessive (sickle cell)
sex-linked (color blindness)
polygenic (cancer)
chromosomal (Down syndrome)
gene anomalies (Williams syndrome)
unidentified genetic basis (ASD)

26
Q

gene/environment correlation

A

certain genes go with certain environments
ex. Niche-picking – active correlation
ex. parents like to read..have books in the home…child likes to read – passive correlation

27
Q

evocative gene/environment correlation

A

child evokes a reaction, that reaction changes behavior

28
Q

gene/environment interaction

A

effect of one variable depends on the levels of the other variable

29
Q

neuron

A

specialized cells that send and receive messages between the brain and all parts of the body

30
Q

cell body

A

contains basic biological material to keep neuron functioning

31
Q

dendrites

A

fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body

32
Q

axon

A

a fiber that conducts electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons

33
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon nd dendrite branches of another neuron (hundreds of trillions in the human brain)

34
Q

gilal cells

A

form the myelin sheath, increase efficiency, protection and regeneration of neurons

35
Q

cerebral cortex

A

“gray matter” of brain, 4 distinct lobes, folds/fissures increase surface area

36
Q

occipital lobe

A

processing visual information

37
Q

temporal lobe

A

speech/language, processing emotion and auditory information

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

spatial reasoning, integration of information from sensory modalities

39
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognition control, working memory, planning, decision making, inhibitory control

40
Q

association areas

A

lie between major sensory/motor areas, great deal of interactivity

41
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two halves of the cortex, correspond with opposite side of the body

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

dense tract of connective nerves between the two brain hemispheres

43
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

specialization of the hemispheres for different modes of processing

44
Q

neurogenesis

A

proliferation of neurons through cell division, begins 42 days after conception

45
Q

arborization

A

formation of new dentritic trees/branches

46
Q

spines

A

increase dendrites capacity to form connections with other neurons

47
Q

mylenation

A

formation of myelin sheath around some axons become “white matter”

48
Q

synaptogenesis

A

neurons form synapses with other neurons, results in trillions of connections

49
Q

synaptic pruning

A

synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated
primarily through puberty into adulthood

50
Q

plasticity

A

capacity of the brain to be affected by experience, allows less information to be encoded into genes
children’s brains are more plastic than adults

51
Q

experience-expectant plasticity

A

normal wiring of the brain due to species-typical experiences
ex. Hubel and Wiesel kitten eye experiment

52
Q

experience-dependant plasticity

A

neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of the individual’s experiences
richer the environment, more connections

53
Q

secular trends

A

marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations
ex. height, menstration

54
Q

benefits of breatfeeding

A

free of bacteria, free, contains mother’s antibodies, skin-to-skin

55
Q

food neophobia

A

unwillingness to eat new foods

56
Q

vaccine benefits

A

eradication of some deadly childhood diseases
some hesitant due to false research on autism and MMR vaccine

Developmental Psych (15 decks)

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