moral development

Question 1

moral judgment

Answer 1

involves both behavior and ones reasoning

Question 2

Piaget’s theory of moral judgment

Answer 2

• peer interactions > adult influence
• created by asking children to consider different situations of behavior and analyze morals

Question 3

heteronomous morality

Answer 3

younger than seven, rules/duties are unchangable, judge based on consequences, not morality

Question 4

autonomous morality

Answer 4

age 11/12, understand rules are social agreements, belive punishments should “fit the crime”, consider motives/intentions

Question 5

critique of Piaget’s theory

Answer 5

• underestimated children’s ability to recognize intentions, present in 21 month olds!

Question 6

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

Answer 6

• a longitudinal study of cohorts of boys aged 10, 13, 16
• Heinz dilemma, sick wife, husband steals medicine

Question 7

1. pre-conventional level

Answer 7

• punishment/orientation: right = obedience to authority, the goal is to avoid punishment
• instrumental/exchange orientation: child’s best interest is equal exchange between people

Question 8

2. conventional level (social relationships)

Answer 8

• mutual interpersonal relationships, expectations, and interpersonal conformity: good = what others expect of you
• social system and conscious: fulfilling duties, upholding laws, contributing to society

Question 9

3. post-conventional/principled level (ideals)

Answer 9

• social contract/individual rights: upholding rules that are in the best interest of the group
• universal ethical principles: self-chosen, greater influence than the law

Question 10

social domain theory of moral development

Answer 10

• due to gradual changes based on peer/parental socialization
• cultural differences, Indian vs. U.S. children and candy donation, influence of religion

Question 11

moral domain

Answer 11

concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, individual rights, supersede authority/rules

Question 12

societal domain

Answer 12

rules/conventions through which societies maintain order

Question 13

personal domain

Answer 13

actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration, no right/wrong choices, conflict in adolescence!

Question 14

conscience

Answer 14

internal mechanism increases individual’s ability to conform to standards of conduct in their culture, promotes prosocial behavior
- influenced by both genetics and environment

Question 15

prosocial behavior

Answer 15

voluntary, intended to benefit others through helping, sharing, or comforting

Question 16

development of prosocial behavior

Answer 16

• capacity to feel empathy (feeling what they’re feeling) and sympathy (concern for others)
• changes with ability to understand social norms (age 3)
• sense of cooperation

Question 17

differences in prosocial behavior

Answer 17

• biological factors (evolution, temperament, oxytocin levels)
• environmental factors (parental socialization, culture, family)
• observation and imitational learning!

Question 18

prosocial behavior and prevention

Answer 18

• primary prevention: all children/staff
• secondary prevention: children deemed “at risk”
• tertiary prevention: children with consistent antisocial behavior

Question 19

antisocial behavior

Answer 19

disruptive, hostile, aggressive behavior that violates social norms or rules and that harms others

Question 20

aggression

Answer 20

subcategory acts that intentionally physically/emotionally harm others

Question 21

development of aggression

Answer 21

• rise in physical aggression until language develops
• then a shift to relational aggression/hostile motives

Question 22

instrumental aggression

Answer 22

motivated by the desire to hurt another/protect oneself

Question 23

oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 23

angry/defiant behavior, age-inappropriate and persistant

Question 24

conduct disorder

Answer 24

severe antisocial/aggressive behavior, inflict pain on others, destruction of property, violation of another’s rights

Question 25

origins of antisocial behavior

Answer 25

• biological factors: temperament, callous personality, more hereditary in youth
• social cognition: hostile attributional bias
• family influences: punishment, poor parenting, poor monitoring, parental conflict, SES
• peer influences

Question 26

proactive aggression

Answer 26

aimed at fulfilling a need/desire

Question 27

reactive aggression

Answer 27

emotionally-driven, hostile

Question 28

positive youth development

Answer 28

youth intervention that focuses on developing strengths rather than correcting weaknesses

Question 29

service learning

Answer 29

strategy for promoting positive development integrates school instruction with community involvement