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Developmental Psych > perception, action, and learning in infancy > Flashcards

perception, action, and learning in infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the processing of basic information from the external world via receptors in the sensory organs/brain

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2
Q

perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events, layouts, of the world

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3
Q

preferential-looking technique

A

showing infants two images simultaneously to see if they prefer one of the other, indexed by looking time

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4
Q

what is an infant’s vision at birth?

A

20/120

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5
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness and clarity of vision

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6
Q

contrast sensitivity

A

ability to detect differences in light/dark areas in visual patterns, poor in infants

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7
Q

cone cells

A

concentrated in fovea of retina, light-sensitive neurons

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8
Q

smooth pursuit eye movement

A

visual behavior in which the viewer’s gaze shifts at the same rate as a moving object,

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9
Q

bottom up approach

A

focus on input, stimulus driven

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10
Q

top down approach

A

focus on higher cognitive processes, knowledge driven

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11
Q

other race effect (ORE)

A

babies tend to prefer looking at others of their own race or the race of their caregiver

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12
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perception of objects being constant size, in spite of different retinal image

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13
Q

object segregation

A

identification of separate objects in a visual array
- importance of individual motion, ex. cup and saucer
- Kellman and Spelke, cube and rod

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14
Q

violation of expectancy

A

procedure used to study infant cognition, infants shown an recent that should evoke surprise of it goes against something already known

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15
Q

optical expansion

A

depth cue, object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating the object is approaching

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16
Q

binocular disparity

A

difference in retinal image od an object in each eye, slightly different signals sent to brain
- convergence: closer the object, greater the disparity

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17
Q

stereopsis

A

visual cortex combines differing neural signals, results in the perception of depth (emerges around 4 months)

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18
Q

monocular depth cues

A

depth cues perceived by one eye (ex. relative size, interposition)

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19
Q

auditory localization

A

perception of the location in space of a sound source

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20
Q

what is the most advanced sense at birth

A

hearing

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21
Q

what sounds do infants prefer?

A

“baby talk”, high-pitched, consonant

22
Q

perceptual narrowing

A

developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system (infant becomes less sensitive to certain distinctions)

23
Q

taste/smell

A
  • develop prenatally
  • early exposure/timing is key
  • smell influences food neophobia, even before tasting
24
Q

touch

A
  • generally oral exploration
  • 4 months, develop mental map of body, maybe even mirror neurons
25
Q

intermodal perception

A

combining of information from two or more sensory systems

26
Q

McGurk effect

A

visual and auditory interact, ba + ga = da

27
Q

synesthesia

A

arbitrary association between senses
- infant brains may be overly connected (pre-pruning)

28
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

Maturational Theory - infant skills emerge on the timeline based on maturing nervous system (1925)

29
Q

reflexes

A

fixed patterns of action that occur in response to a particular stimulation

30
Q

what are some types of reflexes?

A

rooting, sucking/swallowing, tonic neck, moro/startle, grasping, stepping

31
Q

how does culture influence motor development?

A

sanitation, available furniture, encouragement
ex. baby stretching

32
Q

stepping reflex

A

infant lifts one leg, then the other in coordinated pattern, like walking, but disappears around 2 months
- because of weight gain, not brain maturation!

33
Q

affordances

A

possibilities for action offered, or afforded, by objects and situations

34
Q

pre-reaching movements

A

clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward objects they see (successful around 3-4 months)

35
Q

when does smooth reaching emerge?

A

7 months

36
Q

self-locomotion

A

the ability to move oneself around in the environment

37
Q

Gibson + Walk

A

visual cliff experiment! babies must adapt to new stimuli after learning to walk

38
Q

scale errors

A

attempt by young child to perform an action on a miniature replica that is too small for the action to be possible

39
Q

habituation

A

decrease in reaction to already experienced stimuli

40
Q

statistical learning

A

shown a pattern, look longer when it is disrupted, learn to expect patterns in the environment (language, etc.)

41
Q

classical conditioning

A

association of a stimulus and a behavior

42
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus evokes reflective response (nipple in mouth)

43
Q

unconditioned response

A

reflexive response elicited by UCS (sucking reflex)

44
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with UCS (breast/bottle)

45
Q

conditioned response

A

originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by CS (anticipatory sucking)

46
Q

instrumental/operant conditioning

A

learning the relationship between one’s behavior and the consequences that result from it

47
Q

positive reinforcement

A

reward that follows a behavior, increases likelihood that behavior will be repeated

48
Q

Royee-Collier

A

infant mobile experiment, 4 month olds have memory up to 24 hours later

49
Q

observational learning/imitation

A

replicate human’s intended actions as well as behavior

50
Q

rational learning

A

using prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future

51
Q

active learning

A

learning by engaging with the world, rather than passively learning about objects and events

Developmental Psych (15 decks)

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