attachment and development of the self

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring over space and time, tendency to seek/maintain closeness

Question 2

behaviorism and attachment

Answer 2

believe attachment is a result of classical conditioning, baby wants food

Question 3

Harry Harlow and attachment

Answer 3

• cloth/wire monkey, preferred cloth mother no matter the feeding mother
• bond develops due to a sense of security

Question 4

attachment theory

Answer 4

John Bowlby, children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of survival, lasting psychological connectedness

Question 5

secure base

Answer 5

precise of trusted caregiver provides infant/toddler a sense of security in order to explore the environment

Question 6

internal working model of attachment

Answer 6

mental representation of self, attachment figures, and relationships, based on general attachment experiences, influence future expecations

Question 7

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Procedure

Answer 7

• observations of behavior in separations/explorations
• series of 7 episodes, 3 minutes long, stranger interactions and reunifications

Question 8

secure attachment

Answer 8

type b, use caregiver as secure base, happy when reunified, comforted by caregiver’s presence

Question 9

insecure/resistant

Answer 9

type c, clingy, do not explore seek out comfort but do not enjoy receiving it

Question 10

insecure/avoidant

Answer 10

type a, avoid mother, do not greet during reunification, turn away from caregiver

Question 11

disorganized/disoriented

Answer 11

type d, want to approach caregiver, but they are also a source ogf fear, often associated with abuse/maltreatment

Question 12

what influences attachment?

Answer 12

• parenting style (sensitive parenting!)
• parental sensitivity
• cultural differences (independence, sensitivity, patterns are universal across cultures)
• genetic influences

Question 13

self-concept

Answer 13

a system of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself, the idea that they are separate from others, agency/independence

Question 14

self-concept in infancy

Answer 14

• beginning to appreciate the physical self
• regulation of limbs at 2 months
• more distinct around 8 months
• 18-20 months, mirror recognition, body-as-an-obstacle test
• age 2, development of self conscious emotions

Question 15

self-concept in childhood

Answer 15

• increasing complexity!
• 3-5, understand themselves in concrete characteristics
• 5-8, identify stereotypes, begin to compare themselves to others
• 8-12, begin social comparison

Question 16

self-concept in adolescence

Answer 16

• the development of multiple selves
• personal fable/imaginary audience
• begin to reflect their own personal values rather than others

Question 17

self-esteem

Answer 17

overall subjective evaluation of worth/feelings about that evaluation, emerges around age 8, u-shaped development

Question 18

sources of self-esteem

Answer 18

age, physical attributes, gender, approval/support, cultural differences

Question 19

inflated praise and self-esteem

Answer 19

• undermines low self-esteem
• sets high standards

Question 20

identity

Answer 20

definition of the self, often externally imposed

Question 21

identity acheivement

Answer 21

integration of multiple aspects of the self into a coherent whole, stable over time

Question 21

identity acheivement

Answer 21

integration of multiple aspects of the self into a coherent whole, stable over time

Question 22

moratorium

Answer 22

individual is exploring various choices and has not yet made a clear committment

Question 23

identity forclosure

Answer 23

committed early to an identity before engaging in exploration

Question 24

identity diffusion

Answer 24

not concerned, make no real concrete steps towards recognizing their identity

Question 25

Bolby’s attachment stages

Answer 25

1. pre-attachment
2. indiscriminate social responsiveness
3. discriminating socialibility
4. attachment
5. goal-oriented partnerships

Question 26

pre-attachment

Answer 26

birth- 2 months, no caregiver preference

Question 27

indiscriminate social responsiveness

Answer 27

2-7 months, preference may depend on feeding arrangement, use signals to get caregiver’s attention

Question 28

discriminating socialibility

Answer 28

7 months and older, begin to show caregiver preference

Question 29

attachment

Answer 29

beyond 10 months, begins to develop with multiple caregivers

Question 30

goal-oriented partnerships

Answer 30

beginning at age 3

Question 31

characteristics of attachment

Answer 31

1. attachment behavior system
2. fear/weariness
3. affiliate system
4. exploratory behavior system