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Developmental Psych > Prenatal Development + The Newborn Period > Flashcards

Prenatal Development + The Newborn Period Flashcards

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1
Q

when does life begin?

A

varies significantly by culture
ex. Beng people believe in reincarnation, occurs once umbilical cord falls off

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2
Q

epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures/functions in the course of development, argued by Aristole

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3
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells, contain only half the genetic material of all other cells in the body

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4
Q

meiosis

A

cell formation for gametes, only contain 23 chromosomes instead of pairs

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5
Q

conception

A

occurs if the sperm successfully fertilized the egg
only the strongest “fittest” sperm make it to the egg

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6
Q

are there differences in male/female fetuses?

A
  • male fetuses slightly more frail, affected more by teratogens
  • females tend to be less distressed at birth
  • females affected by selective abortions, climate change, etc.
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7
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg, contains 23 PAIRS of chromosomes
singular cell !!!!

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8
Q

developmental process

A
  1. mitosis
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. apoptosis
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9
Q

mitosis

A

cell division, zygote begins splitting/growing

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10
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

can develop into one of over 200 specific cell types, the subject of controversial research

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11
Q

apoptosis

A

genetically programmed cell death, ex. fetal hand plate

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12
Q

embryo

A

3rd to 8th week of development

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13
Q

fetus

A

9th week to birth

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14
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

zygote splits in half, two zygotes with the SAME genetic material

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15
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

two eggs happen to be released, and both are fertilized, not genetically identical

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16
Q

what’s the general timeline of an egg moving to the uterus?

A
  • cells double between fertilization and implantation
  • embeds into the lining after about a week (less than half make it to this point)
  • cells form embryo, placenta, and amniotic sac
  • inner cell mass folds over into three specialized layers
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17
Q

neural tube

A

formed in top layer of differentiated cells, form brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

amniotic sac

A
  • membrane of clear fluid that fetus floats
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19
Q

placenta

A
  • a network of blood vessels, extends into mother’s uterus
  • semipermeable, mother’s blood won’t mix with baby
  • lets nutrients, waste, etc. exchange as needed
  • not 100% effective
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20
Q

umbilical cord

A

tube with blood vessels connecting the fetus and the placenta

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21
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

areas near the head develop faster than away from the head
central nervous system develops before peripheral

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22
Q

trimester 1

A

weeks 1-12

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23
Q

trimester 2

A

weeks 13-24

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24
Q

trimester 3

A

weeks 25-38

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25
Q

week 1 development

A

zygote travels to womb, cells arrange to form embryo and support system

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26
Q

week 2-3 development

A

embryo forms 3 layers of specialized cell groups

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27
Q

week 4 development

A

neural tube develops, primitive heart, leg/arm buds

28
Q

week 5-9 development

A

facial features, rapid brain growth, internal organs, fingers/toes, sexual organs

29
Q

week 10-12 development

A

heart develops, spine/ribs, brain forms cortex divisions

30
Q

week 13-24 development

A

lower body growth accelerates, hairy outer covering, facial expressions, movements felt by mother

31
Q

weeks 25-38 development

A
  • triples in size, brain/lungs developed, visual/auditory cortexes functional, capable of learning
32
Q

fetal growth - movement

A

hiccups, swallowing amniotic fluid, “fetal breathing”
begins around 5-6 weeks

33
Q

fetal growth - touch

A

thumb sucking, rubbing face, grasping umbilical cord

34
Q

fetal growth - vision

A
  • minimal, prefer anything that appears “face like”
35
Q

fetal growth - hearing

A

mother’s heartbeat/voice, blood flow
quite loud, 70-95 decibals!

36
Q

fetal growth - taste/smell

A
  • ingest amniotic fluid, depends on what the mother recently consumed
  • sweetened amniotic fluid experiment
37
Q

habituation

A

simple form of learning, decreased response to repeated/continued stimulation

38
Q

dishabituation

A
  • new stimulis rekindles interest following habituation
39
Q

proximodistal

A

core develops, then extremeties

40
Q

age of viability

A

earliest the fetus can survive outside the womb (contantly changing due to medical advancements)

41
Q

premature birth

A

born before 35 weeks (depends on weight, etc.)

42
Q

what are the three periods of prenatal development

A
  1. period of zygote
  2. period of embryo
  3. period of fetus
43
Q

fetal brain development stages

A
  1. assembly - migration/differentiation
  2. bulking up - maturation
  3. fine-tuning - pruning
44
Q

neurogenesis

A

proliferation of nerve cells through cell division

45
Q

neuronal migration

A

process during which nerve cells wander to their designated placed

46
Q

synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapses (mylenation)

47
Q

pruning

A

removal of unneeded connections

48
Q

sexual differentiation

A
  • sperm decides the baby’s sex (only sperm carry Y chromosome)
  • child is “genderless” in first month
49
Q

how can we measure learning in newborns?

A
  • non-nutritive sucking/high-amplitude sucking
  • brain scans
    ex. Cat in the Hat study
50
Q

teratogens

A

an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development, most harmful during sensitive periods
ex. Thalidomide during arm/leg development

51
Q

dose-response relation

A

the more exposure, the more serious its likely affect

52
Q

fetal programming

A

sets body’s responses for outside the womb
ex. metabolism and the Dutch Hunger Winter

53
Q

sleeper effects

A

problems from prenatal development may not appear until adulthood

54
Q

drugs and prenatal development

A
  • both legal and illegal drugs can have an impact
  • antidepressants, opioids, marijuana, cause several problems
55
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

unexpected death of an infant younger than one year, no identifiable cause

56
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A
  • altered facial structures, physical and behavioral problems
57
Q

environmental pollutants and prenatal development

A

toxic metals, plastics, synthetic hormones, etc.
often disproportionately affects poorer communities

58
Q

maternal factors and prenatal development

A

age, nutrition, disease, emotional state

59
Q

how does the fetus prepare for birth

A
  • moves into head-down position, matured lungs may release a hormone to trigger birth
  • skull in plates for head to fit through mother’s pelvic bone
  • squeezing forces out amniotic fluid
60
Q

diversity in childbirth practices

A
  • who is present, hospital v. home setting, medication, etc.
61
Q

state

A

continuum of arousal, between sleep and intense activity

62
Q

infants and sleep

A
  • sleep twice as much as young adults
  • sleep in REM 50% of the time, decreases to 20% later in life
  • theorized that REM makes up for lack of visual stimulation while asleep
63
Q

infants and crying

A
  • peaks around 6-8 weeks
  • evidence that it is reduced by swaddling
  • colic: excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason
64
Q

Apgar score

A

evaluation tool of infant health at birth

65
Q

infant mortality

A
  • death in the first year after birth
  • generally related to poverty, lack of access to healthcare, etc.
  • lower in countries with free or cheap prenatal care
66
Q

low birth weight

A
  • many are premature or small for gestational age
  • greater risk of medical complications, etc.
  • increasing due to higher rates of higher-order births
  • may be associated with increased rates of child abuse
67
Q

developmental resilience

A
  • successful development in spite of many hazards

Developmental Psych (15 decks)

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