Social behavior

Question 1

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 1

Very strict, primarily through punishment

Question 2

Authoritative parenting

Answer 2

Strict, but consistent and loving. Instills discipline and will listen to child’s arguments

Question 3

Permissive or indulgent parenting

Answer 3

Non-directive and lenient, not having clear expectations

Question 4

Only forming relationships with similar people

Answer 4

Similarity bias

Question 5

Assuming that others share a similar belief system even if they don’t

Answer 5

Projection bias

Question 6

Tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, preserving our self-esteem

Answer 6

Self-serving bias

Question 7

Tendency to overestimate how much others share our belief system (both the number of other people and the text)

Answer 7

False consensus

Question 8

Child shows preference for parent over strangers. Formed when caregiver has a sensitive response to child’s distress

Answer 8

secure attachment

Question 9

Child shows no preference for parent over strangers. Formed when caregiver has no response to child’s distress.

Answer 9

Avoidant attachment

Question 10

Child is distressed when parent leaves and ambivalent when parent returns. Formed when caregiver has inconsistent response to child’s distress

Answer 10

Ambivalent attachment

Question 11

Child shows no clear pattern of behavior when parent leaves or returns. Formed when caregiver is erratic or abusive

Answer 11

Disordered attachment

Question 12

A phenomenon where familiarity increases our attraction to something or someone
Supported by an experiment of individuals with anterograde amnesia, where they will rate familiar faces as more attractive even though they don’t consciously remember the faces

Answer 12

Mere-exposire effect

Question 13

Geographical proximity is considered the most powerful predictor in formation of relationships

Answer 13

Most significant factor

Question 14

Influential factors in physical attraction

Answer 14

cultural specific and universal (e.g. muscular chest for men)

Facial attraction tends to matter more than body attraction
Attractive traits tend to be average (not too unique or strange)

Can also be influenced by environmental conditions that cause physiological arousal
For example, walking across a narrow bridge causing sympathetic system activation

Question 15

Similarity attraction

Answer 15

Similarity in appearance, beliefs, norms is a significant predictor of attraction

Question 16

Any physical or verbal behavior aimed to harm or destroy. Often multi-factorial

Answer 16

aggression

Question 17

Biological basis of aggression

Answer 17

In the brain, the amygdala controls the fear response and results in aggressive behavior when stimulated
The frontal lobe handles impulse control and can lead to aggressive behavior when inhibited
The hormone testosterone can lead to aggression

Question 18

Psychological basis of aggression:

principle that describes the idea that frustration leads to anger and aggression

Answer 18

The frustration-aggression principle

Question 19

Psychological basis of aggression:

describes the idea that parents can create positive reinforcement for aggression by modeling aggressive behavior, for example by fighting in front of kids

Answer 19

Reinforcement modeling

Question 20

sequences that people play out based on a pre-existing understanding of societal expectation

Answer 20

Socio-cultural basis

Question 21

People in unfamiliar situations can exhibit aggressive behavior by relying on social scripts

Answer 21

Socio cultural basis of aggression

Example: The socially expected reaction to someone insulting our mother is to react aggressively

Question 22

Reduction in self-awareness when part of a larger group
Contributing factors = arousing activities, large group size, diffusion of responsibility, anonymity

Answer 22

Deindividuation

Question 23

Experiments in attachment:

Purpose was to determine whether mother-child attachment is determined by comfort or food

Monkeys were separated from their mothers and then offered either a wire mother that provides food or a cloth mother that provides comfort

Conclusion: Monkeys preferred the cloth mother – attachment is determined by comfort

Answer 23

Harlow’s monkey experiment

Question 24

Experiments in attachment:

This experiment tried to understand why some babies have stranger anxiety and others do not

Mother and child stayed in a room, then the mother left and returned

Conclusion: Children can form either secure or insecure attachment to the mother depending on parenting style. Sensitive parents form secure attachments

Answer 24

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

Question 25

Listening and empathizing
Example: Support from loved ones

Answer 25

Emotional support

Question 26

Expression of confidence
Example: Support from coaches or therapists

Answer 26

Esteem support

Question 27

Advice or useful information
Example: Support from friends or the internet

Answer 27

Informational support

Question 28

Financial support or goods
Example: Support through a loan

Answer 28

Tangible support

Question 29

Gives a sense of social belonging
Example: Support through inclusion into a team

Answer 29

Companionship support

Question 30

Care for the welfare or well-being of others. However, can also be influenced by ulterior motives

Answer 30

Altrusim

Question 31

Hypothesis that empathy is the underlying reason for altruism. People who are empathetic also tend to be altruistic

Answer 31

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 32

People act more altruistically toward close kin

Answer 32

Kin selection

Question 33

People act more altruistically toward those who have or could reciprocate – those who have helped them, or those who they may interact again with in the future

Answer 33

Reciprocal altruism

Question 34

Idea that acting altruistically establishes value – signals that one is reliable or cooperative

Answer 34

Cost signaling

Question 35

The sum of direct fitness (one’s own reproduction) and indirect fitness (cooperative behavior that aids kin)
Individual’s overall genetic success is partially derived from the success of genetic relatives, thereby incentivizing altruism

Answer 35

Inclusive fitness