Learning

Question 1

Loss of response to repeated stimuli

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

Increased response to repeated stimuli

Answer 2

Sensitization

Question 3

Solving a problem using past skills

Answer 3

Insight learning

Question 4

Learned behavior is not expressed until it is required

Answer 4

Latent learning

Question 5

Reinforcement occurs at a fixed ratio for number of behaviors, regardless of time interval between

Answer 5

Fixed-ratio reinforcement

Question 6

Reinforcement occurs at fixed time interval, regardless of the number of times behavior occurs

Answer 6

Fixed-interval reinforcement

Question 7

Reinforcement after inconsistent number of behaviors

Answer 7

Variable ratio reinforcement

Question 8

Reinforcement after inconsistent amount of time passes

Answer 8

Variable interval reinforcement

Question 9

Ratio schedule vs interval schedule

Answer 9

Ratio schedules: Based on number of behavioral responses, produce rapid response rates

Interval schedules: Based on time interval, produce slower response rates

Question 10

Tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors over behaviors taught through conditioning

Answer 10

Instinctual drift

Example: Dog may be taught to sit quietly before eating, but if hungry they will run for food

Question 11

The learning of a target behavior through progressively reinforcing behaviors that approximate the target behavior

Answer 11

Shaping

Example: When teaching a dog to roll over, you reward them with a treat when they do behaviors that are “on the right track”. Over time they will roll more and more perfectly

Question 12

Reinforcement occurs some but not all of the time

More resistant to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement

Answer 12

Partial reinforcement schedule

Question 13

Reinforcement that occurs at a 1:1 ratio, meaning that for each behavior there is a reward

Answer 13

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 14

adding something to encourage behavior (gas gift card for safe driving)

Answer 14

Positive reinforcement:

Question 15

taking something away to encourage behavior (cessation of loud buzzing sound when you put on your seatbelt)

Answer 15

Negative reinforcement

Question 16

adding something to discourage behavior. Example: Speeding ticket to discourage speeding

Answer 16

Positive punishment

Question 17

taking something away to discourage behavior. Example: Revoking license

Answer 17

Negative punishment

Question 18

Primary vs secondary reinforcers

Answer 18

Primary reinforcers: innately satisfying or desirable

Secondary reinforcers: must be conditioned to become reinforcers, such as previously neutral stimuli

Question 19

Primary vs secondary punisher

Answer 19

Primary punishers: innately undesirable (e.g. electric shock)

Secondary punishers: conditioned to be undesirable through associative learning (e.g. speeding ticket)

Question 20

Using a punishment or negative stimulus to associate negativity with an unwanted behavior
Example: Scolding a dog when they jump up to reach for food

Answer 20

Aversive conditioning

Question 21

Technique to help overcome phobias or anxiety disorders
First step: identify anxiety-inducing stimulus hierarchy. Second: learn relaxation/coping techniques. Third: progressively overcome situations in the established hierarchy
Also known as graduated exposure therapy

Answer 21

Systematic desensitization

Question 22

Changing a behavioral response by the association of positive actions with the stimulus
Also known as stimulus substitution

Answer 22

Counterconditioning

Example: Dog barks anxiously at the mailman. To change this, give dog a treat every time mailman comes. The dog now has a positive response to mailman instead of fear/anxiety

Question 23

Control of behavior through an unpleasant stimulus or consequence such as punishment or negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Aversive control

Question 24

Main two types of Aversive control to know

Answer 24

escape learning and avoidance learning

Question 25

Behavior learned in order to escape from an unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred
Example: Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park have broken out of their cages, we have to escape

Answer 25

Escape learning

Question 26

Behavior that avoids the averse situation entirely. Avoidance behavior is persistent and self-reinforcing due to the sense of relief
Example: Never visit Jurassic Park, we’ve avoided the dangerous situation entirely

Answer 26

Avoidance learning

Question 27

Powerful type of classical conditioning in which an organism becomes ill after consuming something (e.g. food)
Long lasting, powerful form of aversion

Answer 27

Taste aversion

Question 28

Unconditioned vs conditioned stimuli

Answer 28

Unconditioned stimuli lead to an innate, natural response. Example: Mouth watering when smelling food

Conditioned stimuli lead to learned behavior. Example: Washing hands before eating food

Question 29

a learning process that turns a previously neutral stimulus into an innate response

Occurs through repeated pairing of the neutral stimulus with a potent innate stimulus

Example: Repeatedly showing a dog food when ringing a bell will cause the dog’s mouth to water at the sound of a bell in the future

Answer 29

Classical conditioning

Question 30

Tendency or ability of a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Example: You ring a different-sounding bell to the one a dog was originally conditioned with

Answer 30

Generalization

Question 31

Learning the association between the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) and neutral stimulus (e.g. bell)

Answer 31

Acquisition

Question 32

When a conditioned response disappears due to a period when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with innate stimulus

Example: After conditioning a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov stopped pairing the bell sound with food. After a period of time, the dog no longer salivates at the sound of a bell.

Answer 32

Extinction

Question 33

Re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay

Answer 33

Spontaneous recovery

Question 34

Early on in the extinction process, original behavior frequency suddenly and temporarily increases, followed by eventual decline and extinction of the behavior targeted for elimination

Example: A parent normally gives into a child throwing a tantrum, but to try to extinguish it the parent ignores the child. In response to being ignored, the child first intensifies the tantrums even more, before eventually learning to stop

Answer 34

Extinction burst