Demographics Flashcards
Socially defined categories based on physical differences between groups of people
race
Socially defined categories based on shared language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factor
ethnicity
Minority groups are segregated and exploited
inter-colonialism
Minority groups are absorbed into the majority group
Assimilation
Globalization is the new age in human history, resulting in countries becoming interdependent and nation states ultimately becoming less important
Countries become part of one global society
Hyperglobalist perspective
Critical of globalization, argues regionalization prohibits third world countries from being integrated into the global economy with the same benefits of first world countries
Skeptical perspective
Emphasizes the changing role of government in a global economy, but is not specific as to how its role changes
Transformationalist perspective
Describes how individuals in society are related
Kinship
Consanguineal kin
Related by blood
Affinal kin
Related by marriage
Fictive kin
Related by other means (e.g. adoption, religion)
Primary kin
Family within the nuclear family (two married adults and their offspring)
Secondary kin
One degree removed from the nuclear family (uncle)
Tertiary kin
Two degrees removed from the nuclear family (mother’s uncle)
Focuses on the importance of the world as a unit rather than individual countries
Divides the world into 3 regions:
Core = Western Europe, United States
Periphery = Latin America, Africa
Semi-periphery = India, Brazil (middle ground between core and periphery)
World-systems theory
Refers to the progression from “pre-modern” to “traditional” to “modern” society
Focuses on internal social dynamics, political, and social changes
Modernization theory
Reaction to modernization theory
States less developed countries have an established position in the world economy that reinforces their position and resists any modernization of these countries
Dependency theory
Human population increases exponentially while resources increase at a slower rate
When the population grows faster than the resources necessary to sustain that population, preventative checks or positive checks can slow down growth
Malthusian theory of population growth
Preventative checks of Malthusian theory of population growth
Factors that decrease the birth rate
Usually voluntary, such as waiting to marry or have fewer children
Positive checks of Malthusian theory of population growth
Factors that increase the death rate
Can be small-scale (flu) or large-scale (epidemic that wipes out a significant portion of population)
Large-scale positive checks (e.g. widespread famine, disease epidemics, large-scale wars) of Malthusian theory of population growth
Malthusian catastrophes
A person’s sexual identity in relation to their own sex category and the sex category to which they are attracted
Sexual orientation
One’s behavior, mannerisms, interests, and appearance that are associated with a gender in a particular cultural context
sexual expression
Gender that they are attracted to (romantically and sexually)
sexual attraction
Sexual intercourse
Usually aligned with attraction, although one may be attracted to one sex and fornicate with another sex due to societal pressures or other reasons
fornication
Continuum upon which sexual orientation exists
Sexuality is a spectrum, not dichotomous (homosexual or heterosexual)
Kinsey scale
Factors that increase population
Births and immigration
Factors that decrease population
Deaths and emigration
Demographic transition model
Describes five stages of population change over time
Population growth slows and stabilizes after transitioning from a high birth/death rate to a low birth/death rate
5 stages:
Stage 1 = high birth/death rates and small population size
Stage 2 = declining death rate and increasing population
Stage 3 = declining birth rates
Stage 4 = low birth/death rates
Stage 5 = declining population size
Describes a population by age and gender cohorts
Three main shapes describing the rate of growth: expanding, stationary, and contracting
Population pyramid
Population pyramid shapes
Expanding pyramids: Broad bases, narrow tops. Represent increasing population
Stationary pyramids: Broad bases, broad tops. Represent stable population
Contracting pyramids: Narrow bases, broader middles. Represent declining population
The base represents the proportion of young people
Components of gender & sexual orientation
Biological
Identity
Expression
Attraction
Fornication
XX or XY chromosomes
A small minority of individuals are intersex (XXX, XXY, etc.)
Biological sex
Gender (masculine/feminine) they identify as (including behaviors, roles, and activities in society)
gender identity
Cis vs trans gender
Cis-gender = biological sex and gender identity align (XY chromosome identifies as man)
Trans-gender = biological sex and gender identity do not align (XY chromosome identifies as woman)
Explains how beliefs about gender- and sex-linked characteristics are maintained and conveyed within a culture
Gender schema theory
Example: A girl growing up with a stay-at-home mother develops a framework or “schema” that women take care of the house
Expectations, or “scripts”, that are performed in social situations based on their gender script
May include vocal tone, posture, facial expressions, emotions, and actions or words
Gender script
Criteria for a social movement
- Relative deprivation (perceiving you do not have enough)
- Feeling of deserving better
- Conventional means to obtain your goals are useless
Views social movements as irrational and suspicious
People join social movements to satisfy a psychological need for involvement
Mass society theory
People join social movements when they are oppressed
Based on discrepancies between perceived and real differences
Relative deprivation theory
Focus on the factors that help/hinder a social movement
Access to money, materials, political influence, media, strong organizational base to recruit members, charismatic figure
Resource mobilization theory
People are inherently rational and weigh the pros and cons prior to deciding for themselves how to proceed (with relation to a social movement in this instance)
Rational choice theory
The 5 stages of demographic transition model
The 5 stages of demographic transition model and population pyramid
Dependency ratio of an aging population
Number of dependent individuals (< 14 and > 65 years) divided by the number of working individuals
Higher ratio indicates there are more people who are dependent
A holistic perspective of aging, whereby experiences from early in life can affect outcomes later in life
Life course theory
Refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society
Age becomes a way to regulate behavior within generations
Age stratification theory
Successful aging occurs when older adults stay socially active
Activity theory
Focuses on the self-reflection and introspection that becomes more prominent as one ages, resulting in isolation and separation from the rest of society
Disengagement theory
Older adults attempt to maintain the same activities, behaviors, and relationships from earlier in life, requiring adaptation to internal and external changes of aging
Continuity theory
Population dynamics of fertility
Birth rate (increases population)
Three types of fertility rate
Total fertility rate = average number of children born per woman during her lifetime
Crude birth rate = number of live births per year per 1,000 members of a population, regardless of sex
General fertility rate = total number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age
Number of people moving into or out of a country
migration
Death (decreases population)
mortality
Potential for reproduction of a recorded population (whereas fertility is reproduction for a single organism)
Fecundity
