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C. PsS MCAT > Demographics > Flashcards

Demographics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Socially defined categories based on physical differences between groups of people

A

race

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2
Q

Socially defined categories based on shared language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factor

A

ethnicity

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3
Q

Minority groups are segregated and exploited

A

inter-colonialism

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4
Q

Minority groups are absorbed into the majority group

A

Assimilation

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5
Q

Globalization is the new age in human history, resulting in countries becoming interdependent and nation states ultimately becoming less important
Countries become part of one global society

A

Hyperglobalist perspective

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6
Q

Critical of globalization, argues regionalization prohibits third world countries from being integrated into the global economy with the same benefits of first world countries

A

Skeptical perspective

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7
Q

Emphasizes the changing role of government in a global economy, but is not specific as to how its role changes

A

Transformationalist perspective

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8
Q

Describes how individuals in society are related

A

Kinship

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9
Q

Consanguineal kin

A

Related by blood

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10
Q

Affinal kin

A

Related by marriage

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11
Q

Fictive kin

A

Related by other means (e.g. adoption, religion)

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12
Q

Primary kin

A

Family within the nuclear family (two married adults and their offspring)

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13
Q

Secondary kin

A

One degree removed from the nuclear family (uncle)

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14
Q

Tertiary kin

A

Two degrees removed from the nuclear family (mother’s uncle)

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15
Q

Focuses on the importance of the world as a unit rather than individual countries

Divides the world into 3 regions:
Core = Western Europe, United States
Periphery = Latin America, Africa
Semi-periphery = India, Brazil (middle ground between core and periphery)

A

World-systems theory

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16
Q

Refers to the progression from “pre-modern” to “traditional” to “modern” society
Focuses on internal social dynamics, political, and social changes

A

Modernization theory

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17
Q

Reaction to modernization theory
States less developed countries have an established position in the world economy that reinforces their position and resists any modernization of these countries

A

Dependency theory

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18
Q

Human population increases exponentially while resources increase at a slower rate
When the population grows faster than the resources necessary to sustain that population, preventative checks or positive checks can slow down growth

A

Malthusian theory of population growth

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19
Q

Preventative checks of Malthusian theory of population growth

A

Factors that decrease the birth rate
Usually voluntary, such as waiting to marry or have fewer children

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20
Q

Positive checks of Malthusian theory of population growth

A

Factors that increase the death rate
Can be small-scale (flu) or large-scale (epidemic that wipes out a significant portion of population)

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21
Q

Large-scale positive checks (e.g. widespread famine, disease epidemics, large-scale wars) of Malthusian theory of population growth

A

Malthusian catastrophes

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22
Q

A person’s sexual identity in relation to their own sex category and the sex category to which they are attracted

A

Sexual orientation

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23
Q

One’s behavior, mannerisms, interests, and appearance that are associated with a gender in a particular cultural context

A

sexual expression

24
Q

Gender that they are attracted to (romantically and sexually)

A

sexual attraction

25
Q

Sexual intercourse
Usually aligned with attraction, although one may be attracted to one sex and fornicate with another sex due to societal pressures or other reasons

A

fornication

26
Q

Continuum upon which sexual orientation exists
Sexuality is a spectrum, not dichotomous (homosexual or heterosexual)

A

Kinsey scale

27
Q

Factors that increase population

A

Births and immigration

28
Q

Factors that decrease population

A

Deaths and emigration

29
Q

Demographic transition model
Describes five stages of population change over time
Population growth slows and stabilizes after transitioning from a high birth/death rate to a low birth/death rate

5 stages:

A

Stage 1 = high birth/death rates and small population size
Stage 2 = declining death rate and increasing population
Stage 3 = declining birth rates
Stage 4 = low birth/death rates
Stage 5 = declining population size

30
Q

Describes a population by age and gender cohorts
Three main shapes describing the rate of growth: expanding, stationary, and contracting

A

Population pyramid

31
Q

Population pyramid shapes

A

Expanding pyramids: Broad bases, narrow tops. Represent increasing population
Stationary pyramids: Broad bases, broad tops. Represent stable population
Contracting pyramids: Narrow bases, broader middles. Represent declining population
The base represents the proportion of young people

32
Q

Components of gender & sexual orientation

A

Biological
Identity
Expression
Attraction
Fornication

33
Q

XX or XY chromosomes
A small minority of individuals are intersex (XXX, XXY, etc.)

A

Biological sex

34
Q

Gender (masculine/feminine) they identify as (including behaviors, roles, and activities in society)

A

gender identity

35
Q

Cis vs trans gender

A

Cis-gender = biological sex and gender identity align (XY chromosome identifies as man)
Trans-gender = biological sex and gender identity do not align (XY chromosome identifies as woman)

36
Q

Explains how beliefs about gender- and sex-linked characteristics are maintained and conveyed within a culture

A

Gender schema theory

Example: A girl growing up with a stay-at-home mother develops a framework or “schema” that women take care of the house

37
Q

Expectations, or “scripts”, that are performed in social situations based on their gender script
May include vocal tone, posture, facial expressions, emotions, and actions or words

A

Gender script

38
Q

Criteria for a social movement

A
  1. Relative deprivation (perceiving you do not have enough)
  2. Feeling of deserving better
  3. Conventional means to obtain your goals are useless
39
Q

Views social movements as irrational and suspicious
People join social movements to satisfy a psychological need for involvement

A

Mass society theory

40
Q

People join social movements when they are oppressed
Based on discrepancies between perceived and real differences

A

Relative deprivation theory

41
Q

Focus on the factors that help/hinder a social movement
Access to money, materials, political influence, media, strong organizational base to recruit members, charismatic figure

A

Resource mobilization theory

42
Q

People are inherently rational and weigh the pros and cons prior to deciding for themselves how to proceed (with relation to a social movement in this instance)

A

Rational choice theory

43
Q

The 5 stages of demographic transition model

A
44
Q

The 5 stages of demographic transition model and population pyramid

A
45
Q

Dependency ratio of an aging population

A

Number of dependent individuals (< 14 and > 65 years) divided by the number of working individuals
Higher ratio indicates there are more people who are dependent

46
Q

A holistic perspective of aging, whereby experiences from early in life can affect outcomes later in life

A

Life course theory

47
Q

Refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society
Age becomes a way to regulate behavior within generations

A

Age stratification theory

48
Q

Successful aging occurs when older adults stay socially active

A

Activity theory

49
Q

Focuses on the self-reflection and introspection that becomes more prominent as one ages, resulting in isolation and separation from the rest of society

A

Disengagement theory

50
Q

Older adults attempt to maintain the same activities, behaviors, and relationships from earlier in life, requiring adaptation to internal and external changes of aging

A

Continuity theory

51
Q

Population dynamics of fertility

A

Birth rate (increases population)

52
Q

Three types of fertility rate

A

Total fertility rate = average number of children born per woman during her lifetime

Crude birth rate = number of live births per year per 1,000 members of a population, regardless of sex

General fertility rate = total number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age

53
Q

Number of people moving into or out of a country

A

migration

54
Q

Death (decreases population)

A

mortality

55
Q

Potential for reproduction of a recorded population (whereas fertility is reproduction for a single organism)

A

Fecundity

C. PsS MCAT (34 decks)

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