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C. PsS MCAT > Motivation and Attitudes > Flashcards

Motivation and Attitudes Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Stimulates eating
Lesion results in loss of weight

A

Lateral hypothalamus

Mnemonic: LH makes you grow laterally (get fatter)

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2
Q

Signals to stop eating
Lesion results in weight gain

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Mnemonic: Ventromedial keeps you medial (stay skinny)

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3
Q

Appetite-suppressing hormone, released after a meal

A

Leptin

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4
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Excitement phase → plateau → orgasm → resolution/refractory period

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5
Q

Plays a role in sexual gratification as well as relief of sexual arousal after orgasm

A

Prolactin

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6
Q

Associated with euphoria and pleasure and released post-orgasm

A

Endorphins

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7
Q

Facilitates feeling of bonding between partners when released post-orgasm

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

A branch of social psychology that emphasizes novel situations and interactions as determinants of behavior

A

Situational approach to behavior

External sources like situations are weighed more heavily than internal sources of behavior

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9
Q

The process of inferring causes of events and behaviors

A

Attribution

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10
Q

Attribution is composed of three parts:

A

Consistency (does the person usually behave this way)

Distinctiveness (does person behave differently in different situations)

Consensus (do others behave similarly in this situation)

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11
Q

Instinct plays a primary role in motivation

Example: Baby crying, sleeping, eating, all based on instinct

A

Evolutionary approach

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12
Q

Focuses on drives (aroused state to fulfill need) versus need (lack or deprivation that energizes the drive)

Example: Need for food drives hunger and the search for food

A

Drive reduction theory/drive theory

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13
Q

People want to be in an optimal arousal/alertness state

Example: People attending amusement parks

A

Optimal arousal theory

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14
Q

Thought processes drive behavior

Example: Studying for the MCAT so you can become a doctor

A

Cognitive theory

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15
Q

We satisfy a series of stratified needs in a particular order of importance

Example: Finding food and shelter before you address self-actualization

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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16
Q

Motivation results from expectancy (believing one is capable of achieving an outcome), instrumentality (believing one has control over the outcome), and valence (believing the outcome is desirable)

Example: Studying for MCAT due to belief in capability and desire to become a doctor

A

Expectancy theory

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17
Q

Associated with rewards or obligated behavior

A

Extrinsic motivation

Example: Going into medicine for the financial compensation of being a doctor

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18
Q

Motivation that arises within

A

Intrinsic motivation

Example: Going into medicine due to the need to do fulfilling work

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19
Q

Drive-reduction motivation

A

Model where motivation results from: disruption in homeostasis → physiological need → drive/motivation to fix
Example: dehydration (disruption in homeostasis) → need for water (physiological need) → thirst (drive)
Homeostasis is reestablished once the drive is reduced

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20
Q

Lack of motivation

A

Amotivation

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21
Q

5 components of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs:

A

physiological, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actualization

Mnemonic: Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit

22
Q

Food, water, air, sleep. Basic essentials to survive

A

Physiological needs

23
Q

Stability, security, protection, and freedom from threats

A

Safety needs

24
Q

Need to belong, acceptance from friends and family, intimacy, love

A

Love (social belonging)

25
Q

Feeling of confidence and sense of achievement, recognition, competence, or skill

A

Self-esteem

26
Q

Reaching one’s maximal potential, unique to each individual

A

Self-actualization

27
Q

Incentive theory

A

Individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that result in extrinsic rewards or incentives
Emphasizes external rewards like money over intrinsic drive

28
Q

Desirable event or stimulus increases the likelihood of a behavior. Primary focus of incentive theory

A

Positive reinforcement

29
Q

Avoidance of a negative stimulus increases likelihood of a behavior
More applicable to drive-reduction theory than incentive theory

A

Negative reinforcement

30
Q

Learned tendency to evaluate something or someone in a certain way

A

Attitude

31
Q

Three components of attitude (the ABC model):

A

affective, behavioral, cognitive

Example: “I love yoga because I get to meditate and I believe it helps me relax so I will
go to class each week”
‘I love yoga’ is emotional, ’I believe it helps me relax’ is
cognitive, and ‘I will go to class each week’ is behavioral

32
Q

Feelings or emotions about a certain object, topic, or subject

A

Affective attitude

33
Q

How we act or behave towards an object or subject

A

Behavioral attitude

34
Q

Forms thoughts and beliefs, which influence and shape one’s attitude

A

Cognitive attitude

35
Q

States that the strongest predictors of behavior are the strength of our implications and intentions
Intentions are based on attitudes, norms, and behavioral control (how easy or hard a behavior is)

A

Theory of planned behavior

Example: Deciding whether to skip a party depends on implications (e.g. whether we need to study instead) and intentions (e.g. norms, whether friends will give us a hard time)

36
Q

Event triggers shaping of attitude → attitude + circumstantial knowledge determines behavior

A

Attitude to behavior process model

Example: Discovering Memm triggers attitude of studying efficiently → becomes a user of Memm

37
Q

Unique principle: Evaluation of the risk prototype (essentially a model of risk) determines willingness to engage in a behavior

A

Prototype willingness model

38
Q

This model says that behavior is a function of 6 components: past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness to engage in a behavior, and models/prototyping

A

Prototype willingness model

39
Q

Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion examines whether a message will result in effective persuasion based on two routes:

A

central route (the logic-based validity of arguments) and
peripheral route (superficial components such as credentials, status, non-verbal cues of persuader)

40
Q

Teacher’s preconceived ideas about students can become self-fulfilling prophecies due to the teacher treating the student differently

A

Teacher expectancy effect

Example: Public school teacher thinks Bob is a troublemaker, singles him out immediately, which causes him to act out even more

41
Q

The idea that someone who agrees to a small request is more likely to agree to subsequent larger requests

A

Foot in the door phenomenon

42
Q

The idea that an individual declining a big request is more likely to comply with a subsequent smaller request

A

Door in the face phenomenon

43
Q

Playing a role can lead to a more permanent change in attitude or belief (such as Stanford prison experiment)

A

Role playing

44
Q

Tendency for one to attribute greater value to an outcome after placing effort to acquiring said outcome

A

Effort justification

45
Q

Discomfort when holding two or more conflicting or contradicting beliefs or ideas

A

Cognitive dissonance

46
Q

Methods of reducing cognitive discomfort

A

Key principle: people will generally try to modify their beliefs rather than change their behaviors to lesson discomfort
For example an alcoholic may:
Minimize = “Alcohol isn’t that bad for you”
Deny = “I don’t drink that much”
Modify cognitions = “I’m still functioning, so it’s ok”

47
Q

Mental functions that you are aware of, (i.e. your current thoughts)
The smallest and most apparent part of the mind (like the tip of the iceberg)

A

Conscious mind

48
Q

Parts of the mind that can be accessed or recalled even if not currently at the conscious forefront (e.g. memories)
Contrast with the unconscious mind, which cannot be accessed

A

Subconscious mind

49
Q

Contains primitive, instinctual parts of the mind that cannot be accessed
Largest and least apparent part of the mind (like the bottom of the iceberg)

A

Unconscious mind

50
Q

The disorganized part of the personality that contains the most basic, instinctual drive
Follows the pleasure principle, seeking to gain short-term pleasure and avoid pain
Fully of the unconscious mind

A

Id

C. PsS MCAT (34 decks)

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