Human Development Flashcards
Evaluates the psychological progress of individuals based on their level of commitment and degree of exploration
Mnemonic for order of the levels: Don’t Finish My Alcohol
Identity development theory (Marcia)
Identity development theory
People at this level lack direction, have not explored options, and have not committed to any specific career path or future
Identity diffusion
Low commitment, low exploration
Identity development theory
People at this level have accepted an identity that was assigned to them (usually from an authority figure) without contemplation or exploration
Identity foreclosure
High commitment, low exploration
Identity development theory
People at this level are trying new activities and thinking about a career, but have yet to decide
Identity moratorium
Low commitment, high exploration
Identity development theory
People at this level have explored their options and feel confident about what they want to do in the future
Identity achievement
High commitment, high exploration
Gross movement of arms and legs. Occurs first in motor development
Example: running, climbing
Gross motor skills
Relies on more nuanced movements of extremities, including fingers. Develops after gross motor skills in motor development
Example: writing, using tools
Fine motor skills
Infant can lift head before they can crawl
Development progresses through milestones of motor skill development, for example rolling over at 2-5 months
Head to toe development
Reflexes that are present throughout life starting in newborns
Including:
Breathing reflex
Inhalation and exhalation
Eyeblink reflex
Involuntary blinking of eye when something comes near the head, or eyes are exposed to bright light
Pupillary reflex
Pupillary constriction in response to bright light
Swallowing reflex
Swallowing of food happens automatically
Mnemonic: “Look, blink, blow, swallow”
Reflexes present in neonates that disappear with age.
Neonatal reflexes
Also known as newborn reflexes.
Mnemonic: GRASP MEN = grasp reflex, rooting reflex, automatic stepping reflex, sucking reflex, plantar reflex (Babinski), Moro’s reflex, extrusion reflex, neck reflex (tonic reflex)
Infant closes hands on anything that comes into their palm
Palmar grasp reflex
Stroking the cheek → neonate turns ipsilateral
Assists with orienting baby’s mouth to mother’s nipple
Rooting reflex
When touching a flat surface, infant will exhibit a stepping motion as if they were attempting to walk
Stepping reflex
Infant will suck on any object placed in its mouth
sucking reflex
Scraping of bottom of feet results in toe extension and abduction
Babinski reflex (plantar reflex)
Startle reaction whereby neonate fans out arms and then back
Moro reflex (plantar reflex)
Baby’s tongue will thrust forward when lips are touched
Extrusion reflex (tongue thrust reflex)
Also known as fencing posture
When a baby’s head is turned, ipsilateral arm straightens while opposite arm bends
Tonic neck reflex
Reproductive cells of males
Sperm
Comprised of head and tail
Head contains nucleus and acrosome, which contains enzymes for penetrating the female egg
Tail, also called the flagellum, propels the sperm for swimming
Reproductive cells of females
Egg
Contain the zona pellucida, thick outer layer of glycoproteins, deep to which is the plasma membrane
Upon penetrating these layers, the sperm cell fertilizes the egg with its genetic material
Steps of fertilization
Sperm binds to egg → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → genetic transfer
Occurs at approximately week 2, whereby the egg is fertilized by the sperm
Acrosomal reaction during fertilization
Enzymes from the acromosomal tip digest the zona pellucida of the egg
Cortical reaction during fertilization
Enzymes with cortical granules from the egg get ejected into the zona pellucida and prevent other sperm from binding