Sight (vision)

Question 1

transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue, anterior 1/6th; starts to bends light,
first part of eye light hits.

Answer 1

cornea

Question 2

thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye.

Answer 2

Conjunctiva

Question 3

space filled with aqueous humour, which provides pressure to maintain shape of eyeball; allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea/iris.

Answer 3

anterior chamber

Question 4

the opening in the middle of the iris. The size of the pupil can get bigger/smaller based on the iris relaxing/contracting respectively.

Answer 4

pupil

Question 5

this structure modulates the amount of light able to enter the eyeball.

Answer 5

pupil

Question 6

Gives the eye color. The muscle that constricts/relaxes to change the size of the pupil.

Answer 6

iris

Question 7

bends the light so it goes to back of eyeball – focuses light specifically on the fovea of the retina. Adjust how much it bends the light by changing its shape, using the suspensory ligaments.

Answer 7

lens

Question 8

attached to a ciliary muscle. These two things together form the ciliary body, what secrets the aqueous humor.

Answer 8

Suspensory ligaments

Question 9

area behind the iris to the back of lens; also filled with aqueous humor.

Answer 9

Posterior chamber

Question 10

filled with vitreous humour, a jelly-like substance to provide pressure to eyeball and gives nutrients to inside of eyeball.

Answer 10

Vitreous chamber

Question 11

inside, back area filled with photoreceptors, where the ray of light is converted from a physical waveform to a electrochemical impulse that the brain can interpret.

Answer 11

retina

Question 12

special part of retina rich in cones, but there are also rods.

Answer 12

macula

Question 13

special part of macula. Completely covered in cones, no rods.
*Rest of the retina is covered in primarily rods.

Answer 13

fovea

Question 14

Detect color and discern high level of detail in what you are observing.

Answer 14

Cones which are cone shaped

Question 15

Detect light.

Answer 15

Rods, which are rod shaped

Question 16

pigmented black in humans, is a network of blood vessels that helps nourish
the retina. Since its black, all light is absorbed. Some animals have a different colored which gives them better night vision.

Answer 16

choroid

Question 17

The whites of the eye, thick
fibrous tissue that covers posterior 5/6th of eyeball (cornea covers the anterior 1/6). Attachment point for muscles. Extra layer of protection and structure of eyeball. Lined with the conjunctiva.

Answer 17

sclera

Question 18

the electrical activation of one neuron by another neuron.

Answer 18

transmission

Question 19

conscious sensory experience of neural processing.

Answer 19

perception

Question 20

the neural transformation of multiple neural signals into a perception.

Answer 20

processing

Question 21

occurs whenever energy is transformed from one form to another; in visual sensory information, light energy is transformed to electrical energy by rods and cones.

Answer 21

transduction

Question 22

requires a physical stimulus to be converted into a neural impulse.

Answer 22

sensation

Question 23

An electromagnetic wave.

Answer 23

Light.

Question 24

In the case of the eye, light is being converted to a – by a –.

Answer 24

neural impulse, photoreceptor

Question 25

Light enters pupil and goes to retina, which contains rods and cones.
Light comes in, goes through pupil, and hits rod. Normally rod is turned on, but when light hits turns off.
When rod is off, it turns on a – , which turns on a –, which goes into the optic nerve and enters the brain.

Answer 25

bipolar cell, retinal ganglion cell,

Question 26

What are the three types of cones of the trichromatic theory of color?

Answer 26

red, green, blue

Question 27

Are there more cones or rods in the retina?

Answer 27

Rods. There are 120 million rods, for night vision and 6-7 million cones

Question 28

Phototransduction cascade (PTC): what happens when light hits rod/cone?

Answer 28

Makes brain recognize there is light.
Light hits rods (which causes rod turns off) -> bipolar cell (turns on) retinal ganglion cell -> (turns on) -> optic nerve -> BRAIN.
The phototransduction cascade is the process of rod turning from ON -> OFF

Question 29

Cells found in the retina that send visual signals from the rods and cones to the ganglion cells

Answer 29

Bipolar cells; imagine polar bears standing on top of the rods and cones

Question 30

Cells found in the retina that receive signals from bipolar cell and leave the eye through the optic nerve

Answer 30

Ganglion cells; imagine a gang of lions standing on top of the polar bears. Their tails are twisted together into one nerve all going through the retina at the back of the eye.

Question 31

This theory states that you have cones that perceive 2 pairs of four colors: red -green, and blue- yellow

Answer 31

Opponent processing; only one color in each pair can be seen by your eye at a time

Question 32

How does the PTC turn off the rods of the retina?

Answer 32

When light hits, bent retinal (11-cis-retinal) undergoes a conformational change to straight retinal (11-trans-retinal), initiating the cascade.

Question 33

Rods are comprised of protein dense, stacked discs. One multimeric protein called –, there is a small protein called retinal (11-cis-retinal).

Answer 33

rhodopsin

Question 34

Rhodopsin is to rod, as – is to cones

Answer 34

photopsin

Question 35

After PTC is initiated, which molecule breaks from rhodopsin to bind to another protein called phosphodiesterase (PDE)?

Answer 35

the alpha subunit of transducin

The alpha subunit of transducin is a protein that binds guanine nucleotides and is responsible for visual transduction.

Transducin is a heterotrimeric G-protein that is made up of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma