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C. PsS MCAT > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Psychiatric medications:

Class of drugs used in depressive disorders
Mechanism: upregulation of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, especially serotonin

A

Antidepressants

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2
Q

Psychiatric medications:

Decrease the breakdown of monoamines like serotonin by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

MAO inhibitors

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3
Q

Psychiatric medications:

Block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, resulting in higher serotonin output

A

SSRIs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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4
Q

Stress with negative implications

A

distress

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5
Q

Stress with beneficial implications

A

eustress

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6
Q

Stress with neutral implications

A

neustress

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7
Q

Classification system of clinical diagnoses from the World Health Organization (WHO)
11 top level categories for mental disorders

A

ICD-10

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8
Q

Classification of mental disorders from the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
20 top level categories, specific to mental disorders

A

DSM-5

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9
Q

Term describing long term emotional state

A

mood

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10
Q

Term describing how mood is displayed to others

A

affect

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11
Q

Emphasizes the physiological causes (abnormal brain chemistry) in diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Narrow focus, ignoring other factors related to illness, may produce harmful side effects

A

Biomedical approach to mental illness

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12
Q

Suggests that mental illness is the result of interaction between biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors

A

Biopsychosocial model of mental illness

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13
Q

Distress or disability due to abnormality in development of nervous system
Examples = Autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, intellectual disability

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders

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14
Q

Loss of cognitive functions of brain after nervous system has already developed
Examples = Dementia, delirium

A

Neurocognitive disorders

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15
Q

Distress or disability from sleep-related issues
Examples = Insomnia, sleep walking

A

Sleep-wake disorders

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16
Q

istress or disability from exagerrated worry or fear
Examples = Social anxiety, general anxiety disorder, agoraphobia

A

Anxiety disorders

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17
Q

Distress or disability from abnormal negative mood
Examples = Major depressive disorder

A

Depressive disorders

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18
Q

Distress and disability from psychosis, involving delusions (fixed false beliefs), hallucinations, disorganized thinking

A

Schizophrenia and psychosis

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18
Q

Abnormal negative mood punctuated with periods of abnormally elevated mood (mania or hypomania)

A

Bipolar and related disorders

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19
Q

Distress or disability after a stressful or traumatic event
Examples = Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Trauma/stressor-related disorders

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20
Q

Distress or disability from abnormal use of substances that affect mental functions
Examples = Opioid addiction

A

Substance-related and addictive disorders

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21
Q

Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that differ significantly from social norms, causing functional impairment

A

Personality disorders
Distress or disability related to personality. Generally considered less severe compared to other mental disorders

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22
Q

Distress or disability from behaviors that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive. Inability to control inappropriate behaviors

A

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

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23
Q

Distress or disability from obsessions or compulsions

A

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Obsessions = unwelcome thoughts that occur involuntarily and repeatedly

Compulsions = activities that one must do, often related to an obsession

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24
Q

Group of disorders in which bodily (somatic) symptoms or illnesses are associated with psychological factors
Includes somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and factitious disorder

A

Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD)

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25
Q

Distress or disability from behavioral abnormalities relating to food
Examples = Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa

A

Feeding and eating disorders

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26
Q

Distress or disability from urination or defecation at inappropriate times or places

A

Elimination disorders

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27
Q

Distress or disability from abnormalities of identity or memory
Includes dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia

A

Dissociative disorders

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28
Q

Distress or disability from abnormalities or performance of sexual activities

A

Sexual dysfunctions

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29
Q

Distress or disability from an individual identifying as a different gender than society represents them as

A

Gender dysphoria

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30
Q

Distress or disability from having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli

A

Paraphilic disorders

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31
Q

Mental disorder characterized by impaired ability to understand reality
Associated with disorganized speech and thought, delusions, psychosis
Treated with antipsychotics

A

Schizophrenia

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32
Q

Schizophrenia:

Period before full psychotic symptoms

Early signs of deterioration of behavior and functioning, beginning of delusions

A

Prodrome

33
Q

Schizophrenia:

Cognitive symptoms

A

Disorganized thinking
Inability to plan
Erratic and unusual behavior

34
Q

Schizophrenia:

Positive symptoms

A

Symptoms that are abnormally present

Hallucinations (sensory perceptions without stimuli). Can be auditory or visual

Delusions (fixed false beliefs not explainable by a person’s culture)
Disorganized speech/thinking, disorganized behavior

35
Q

Schizophrenia:

Negative symptoms

A

Symptoms that are abnormally absent (lacking something)

Blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, absence of normal behaviors

Affective flattening (lack of emotional expression)

Avolition (lack of interest or enthusiasm)

Alogia (poverty of speech, inability to carry a conversation)

36
Q

Schizophrenia:

Neuroanatomical findings

A

Cerebral cortex atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes

Impairment in the mesocorticolimbic pathway

37
Q

Schizophrenic delusions:

Delusions of persecution

A

Belief that others intend to harm

Example: Believing a random stranger is out to hurt you

38
Q

Schizophrenic delusions:

Delusions of reference

A

Belief that neutral environmental event has a special and personal meaning

Example: Believing a news anchor is sending you secret coded messages

39
Q

Schizophrenic delusions:

Delusions of grandeur

A

Belief that one has great importance or significant powers that others don’t have

Example: Believing that you have the ability to read thoughts

40
Q

Schizophrenic delusions:

Delusions of control

A

Belief that one’s thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside forces

Example: Believing that aliens are controlling your every move

41
Q

Mental disorder characterized by at least 2 weeks of low mood, usually accompanied by low self-esteem, anhedonia (loss of interest), low energy

A

Major depressive disorder

42
Q

Depression:

Brain findings

A

Abnormal activity in the frontal lobe and limbic structures

43
Q

Depression:

Genetic vs environmental influence

A

May include genetics (predisposition can be inherited), but psychosocial factors are also linked to MDD, including childhood abuse, stressful events, or limited social support during adverse circumstances

44
Q

Depression:

Dependent vs independent stressors

A

Dependent stressors: events that the individual plays a role in (such as relationship troubles)

Independent stressors: events that occur without one’s influence (such as death of a loved one)

45
Q

Depression:

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the CNS leads to depressive symptoms

46
Q

Disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about events or activities that interferes with daily functioning
Must last 6 months or more

A

generalized anxiety disorder

47
Q

Disorder characterized by recurring episodes of panic attacks
These episodes have unexpected onset, result in intense fear and difficulty breathing

A

panic disorder

48
Q

Irrational fear about specific objects or specific situations
Highly focused anxiety

A

phobias

49
Q

Disorder characterized by recurring nightmares, arousal, and haunting thoughts related to exposure to a traumatic event
Symptoms must persist for over 4 weeks from the episode
Example: Soldiers returning from war

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

50
Q

Memories that have been unconsciously blocked, due to being associated with a high level of stress or trauma

A

Repressed memories

51
Q

Dissociative disorders:

Characterized by at least two different personality states
Previously called multiple personality disorder

A

Dissociative identity disorder

52
Q

Dissociative disorders:

Inability to recall important personal details such as one’s own life history
Example: Jason Bourne from the Bourne movies

A

Dissociative amnesia

53
Q

Somatic manifesting disorders:

Class of disorder where underlying mental issues manifest as physical (aka somatic) symptoms
Example: Excessive anxiety manifesting as the somatic symptom of a persistent stomach ache

A

Somatic symptom disorder

54
Q

Somatic manifesting disorders:

A type of somatic symptom disorder where the manifestation is a neurologic symptom such as speech problems, swallowing issues, seizures
Cannot be explained by a known neurologic condition
Example: Seizures that don’t fit the clinical definition of epilepsy

A

Conversion disorder

55
Q

Somatic manifesting disorders:

Disorder where a person falsifies a disease to receive a clinical diagnosis and get treatment

People do this to play the sick role, not for a malingering motive (e.g. getting money through worker’s compensation)

Also called Munchausen’s syndrome

A

Factitious disorder

56
Q

Clusters of personality disorders

A

Personality disorders, defined as deviations from expected behavior or experience of the world are split into three clusters
Cluster A (weird)
Cluster B (wild)
Cluster C (worried)

57
Q

Personality disorder:

Cluster A

A

Mnemonic for Cluster A: PSS (Psych Soc Section)

Paranoid personality disorder: profound distrust and suspicion

Schizoid personality disorder: extreme emotional detachment

Schizotypal personality disorder: magical thinking

58
Q

Personality disorder:

Cluster B

A

Mnemonic for Cluster B: BAHN

Borderline personality disorder: Highly unstable emotions and relationships, always acting out

Antisocial personality disorder: No regard for others, no remorse for criminal activity

Histrionic personality disorder: Attention-seeking, over dramatic

Narcissistic personality disorder: Grandiose, constantly seeking validation of ego

59
Q

Personality disorder:

Cluster C

A

Mnemonic for Cluster C: ADO

Avoidant personality disorder: Extreme feelings of inadequacy and fear of rejection

Dependent personality disorder: Excessively submissive and dependent on others, for example someone who clings to an abusive relationship

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD): Excessive focus on being in control and ordering things. Do not confuse with OCD.

60
Q

Sleep-wake disorders:

Diminished or absent effort to breathe arising from the central nervous system
Results in brief cessation of breathing while sleeping, and often associated with reduced blood oxygen saturation

A

Central sleep apnea

61
Q

Sleep-wake disorders:

Abnormal pattern of breathing with progressively faster, then progressively slower breathing followed by a stop
Crescendo → decrescendo → stop

A

Cheynes-Stokes breathing

62
Q

Sleep-wake disorders:

Sleeping disorder characterized by nighttime episodes of apneas (pauses in breathing) due to airway obstructions
Results in feeling tiredness and exhaustion during the following daytime
Diagnosis occurs through polysomnography (sleep study)

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

63
Q

Sleep-wake disorders:

Low ventilation leads to buildup of carbon dioxide, commonly due to medications (e.g. opioids) or obesity
High blood CO2 causes right-sided heart failure while low blood O2 results in cognitive impairment and various heart issues

A

Hypoventilation disorder

64
Q

Most common form of dementia, with earliest symptoms relating to memory
Results in atrophy of the brain starting with the temporal lobes (important for memory)

A

Alzheimer’s disease

65
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

Alzheimer’s microscopic findings

A

3 main abnormalities:
Loss of neurons
Amyloid beta plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles of protein tau

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

A clump of neurons important for cognitive functions that is lost early in progression of Alzheimer’s

Releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

Nucleus basalis

67
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

Risk factors for Alzheimer’s

A

Genetic mutations involving processing of amyloid protein, ApoE4, and high blood pressure

68
Q

Degenerative disorder beginning with motor abnormalities and progressing to cognitive dysfunction and dementia

A

Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

Parkinson’s disease:

Parkinson’s microscopic findings

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia (controls motor functions)

Lewy bodies contain the protein alpha synuclein inside dopaminergic neurons

70
Q

Parkinson’s disease:

Parts of the basal ganglia affected by Parkinson’s disease

A

Within the basal ganglia, Parkinson’s specifically affects the substantia nigra which also projects to the striatum

71
Q

Parkinson’s disease:

Similar to Parkinson’s, but more cognitive dysfunction from loss of function of cerebral cortex, less motor dysfunction from basal ganglia

A

Dementia with Lewy bodies

72
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Mania

A

Distractibility, Insomnia, Grandiose delusions, Fleeting thoughts, Agitation, Speech that is pressured, Thoughtlessness and risky behavior

Mnemonic: DIG FAST

Lasts at least 7 days and severe enough to cause impairment in functioning or require hospitalization

Often followed by a crash (depressive episode)

73
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Hypomania

A

A milder form of mania with disinhibition and euphoria

Lasts at least 4 days and does not impair functioning or cause hospitalization

74
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Characterized by inattention (i.e. trouble focusing) and hyperactivity (impulsivity, acting without considering consequences)

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

75
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Mania with or without major depressive episodes

A

Bipolar type I

76
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Hypomania with one or more major depressive episodes

A

Bipolar type II

77
Q

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder:

Form of bipolar disorder with episodes of hypomania and depressive symptoms over a period of at least 2 years

Mood fluctuations are not severe or long enough to meet full criteria for a hypomanic or depressive episode

A

Cyclothymic disorder

78
Q

Main psychotherapeutic approaches:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A
79
Q

Main psychotherapeutic approaches:

Psychoanalytic therapy

A
80
Q

Main psychotherapeutic approaches:

Humanistic therapy

A

C. PsS MCAT (34 decks)

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