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Clin Path > Snakes > Flashcards

Snakes Flashcards

1
Q

Order

A

Squamata

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2
Q

Suborder

A

Serpentes

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3
Q

Behavior

A

• Solitary (territorial/aggression/food) • Diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular
• Captive husbandry vs natural history

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4
Q

Integumentary

A

• Protective barrier • Respiration
• Movement
• Growth
• Sensory detection • Coloration

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5
Q

Ecdysis

A

• Secretes lubricant (seen commonly in eyes) • Sheds in one piece
• Process may take week or two
• Should not be handled or fed
• Furnishings/water bowls/humidity

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6
Q

Scales

A

• Smooth- no central ridge • Keeled- central ridge

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7
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Skull
Maxilla
Mandible
Vertebral column

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8
Q

Maxilla

A

• No symphysis
• Intramandibular hinge (flex in middle)
• Articulated streptostylic quadrate (move sideways)

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9
Q

Vertebral column

A

• Varies in number
• No sternum
• Precloacal has ribs

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10
Q

Serpentine

A

Undulating
Crawling

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11
Q

Rectilinear

A

Advance and pull for large snakes

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12
Q

Heart positions

A

Terrestrial
Arboreal
Aquatic

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13
Q

Terrestrial heart position

A

Close to head, blood vessels distal portion of body)

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14
Q

Arboreal heart position

A

Close to head so blood can reach brain better

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15
Q

Aquatic heart position

A

Middle of body so pumping effort is minimal, blood pressure regulated by
external water pressure

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16
Q

Heart chambers

A

• 2 atrium, 1 ventricle (functioning 5 chambers that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood/R & L aortic arches, pulmonary artery)

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17
Q

Blood vessels

A

• No valves to prevent backflow (contraction of muscle)
• Renal portal system (Blood from caudal portion goes to kidneys)

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18
Q

Trachea

A

• Incomplete rings (ventral ridged/dorsal membranous) • Base of tongue/glottis

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19
Q

Lungs

A

• No diaphragm
• Left (non-functioning)
• Right (elongated/cranial-gas exchange, caudal air sac • Intercostal muscles

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20
Q

Teeth placed

A

Upper and lower jaw

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21
Q

Tongue

A

Multiglandular/ mucous

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22
Q

Salivary glands

A

5—venom

23
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular sphincter

24
Q

Kidneys

A

• Lobulated & elongated-R more cranial • Lack loop of Henle and renal pelvis

25
Q

Urodeum

A

No bladder

26
Q

Make reproductive system

A

• R & L testicles (no epididymis)
• Hemipenes (pair)
• Copulation only one is used
• Spurs (positioning cloaca)

27
Q

Female reproductive system

A

• Ovaries
• Ovaducts (no uterus)
• Cloaca

28
Q

Cutaneous heat receptors

A

• Dermis & epidermis
• Pit organs detect infrared heat

29
Q

Ears

A

• Hearing and balance
• No tympanic membrane
• Middle ear non-existent
• Inner ear similar to mammals/ vibrations

30
Q

Smell

A

Vomeronasal organ

31
Q

Eyes

A

• Harderian gland (moist)
• No lacrimal glands
• Poorly developed rectus muscles and limited rotational muscles
• Lack scleral ossicles and cartilage
• Dilation and contraction of pupil is voluntary

32
Q

Housing

A

• Size
• Type of Habitat (arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic) • Secure
• Ventilation
• Cleaning/disinfecting
• Heat source (tape/lamps/outside enclosure) • Visual

33
Q

Natural habitats

A

Naturalistic
Simplistic

34
Q

Naturalistic habitat

A

• Aspen, cypress, ground coconut shells
• Sand used with extreme caution for dessert dwellers
• Avoid potting soil –fertilizers and chemicals

35
Q

Simplistic habitat

A

• Easy to clean
• No enrichment, hard to control temperature and humidity • Indoor/outdoor carpet, Newspaper (ink is not toxic)

36
Q

Heating

A

Outside enclosure
Ectothermic
Daily monitoring

37
Q

Lighting

A

• Maintain day/night cycles

• UV lighting (natural not as detrimental as diurnal lizards)
• Do not allow to overheat if basking (car)
• Summer/winter
• No drafts

38
Q

Water/humidity

A

• Hygrometers to monitor
• Misting
• Appropriate size bowl (soaking/don’t overfill) • Change water often/clean
• Substrate that doesn’t pool
• Monitor

39
Q

Nutrition

A

• All are carnivores
• Eat whole prey
• Ca from bones
• Defecate undigested parts
• Health of prey item
• Balanced
• proper thawing

40
Q

Anorexia

A

• Cold prey (heat seeking)
• Motion
• Color of prey (white vs neutral)
• Environmental temperature (regurgitate if to cold/won’t eat)
• Shedding
• Respiratory disorder
• Hide box

41
Q

Reproductive

A

• Cloacal prolapse (which organ/straining or copulation)
• Hemipenile prolapse or paraphimosis
• Oviductal or shell gland prolapse

42
Q

Obstructive Dystocia

A

inability to deliver eggs or young, anatomical defects, fetal defects

43
Q

Non obstructive Dystocia

A

husbandry, infection, poor physical condition, improper nesting site, humidity, temperature.

44
Q

Causes of Dysecdysis

A

• Poor husbandry, temperature, humidity, malnutrition • Stress, handling, metabolic disorders

45
Q

Increased Ecdysis

A

• Hyperthyroidism
• Dermatitis

46
Q

Cardiovascular disorders

A

• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia with hypervitaminosis D3 • Endocarditis
• CHF
• Cardiomyopathy
• Vitamin E deficiency

47
Q

Respiratory

A

• Pneumonia (bacterial/fungal/viral/parasitic) • Masses, trauma, dehydration, substrate

48
Q

• Infectious stomatitis (bacterial) “mouth rot”

A

• Poor husbandry, POTZ, stress
• Rubbing cage walls
• Live prey causing small abrasions

49
Q

Urinary

A

• Renal dysfunction (older snakes)
• Gout – excess protein metabolism leading to urate acid production
• Bacterial nephritis

50
Q

Eye

A

• Retained spectacles (common/dysecdysis)
• Pseudobuphthalmos (Obstruction of nasolacrimal duct • Subspectacle abscesses

51
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

• Respiratory
• Incubation 21 days with grave prognosis • Highly contagious

52
Q

Inclusion body disease (IBD)

A

• Viral, CNS, “star-gazing”
• Boids (Boas, pythons)
• Fatal/euthanasia

53
Q

Lumps and bumps

A

• Neoplasia
• Abscess • Parasites

54
Q

• Most pathogens bacterial causing GI issues

A

• Salmonella
• Campylobacter
• Klebsiella
• Enterobacter
• Yersinia
• Pseudomonas
• Mycobacterium
• Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Clin Path (16 decks)

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