Heart Diseases

Question 1

HCM abbrev.

Answer 1

FELINE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Question 2

HCM most common in what species

Answer 2

Cats
Neutered makes more at risk

Question 3

HCM caused by

Answer 3

abnormal myocardial myosin or calcium transport w/in myocardial cells

Question 4

Effects of HCM

Answer 4

Left ventricular muscle thickens*
▪ Decreases the filling capacity
▪ Often blocks the outflow of blood during systole
▪ Mitral regurgitation and aortic embolism common

Question 5

HCM clinical signs

Answer 5

▪ Systolic murmur
▪ Arrhythmias (gallop rhythm)
▪ Acute onset of heart failure or systemic thromboembolism

Question 6

HCM Dx

Answer 6

Radiographs
▪ ECG
▪ Echocardiology
▪ Lab:biomarkers
▪ MRI: most accurate

Question 7

DCM abbreviation

Answer 7

CANINE DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Question 8

DCM results

Answer 8

Dilation of all heart chambers*
▪ Caused by weak , thin, and flabby cardiac muscle
▪ ↓ cardiac output, ↑ cardiac afterload
▪ Impaired systolic function of ventricles 🡪
low-output circulatory failure
▪ Often accompanied by atrial fibrillation*

Question 9

DCM Clinical signs

Answer 9

▪ Weakness
▪ Exercise intolerance
▪ Syncope
▪ L sided murmur (mitral regurgitation)

Question 10

DCM commonly in

Answer 10

older, male, large and giant breed dogs
▪ Rare in dogs weighing <12kg
▪ Also seen in dogs fed grain-free diets
(taurine deficiency)*

Question 11

DCM dx

Question 12

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 13

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 14

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 15

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 16

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 17

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 18

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 19

PDA abbreviation

Answer 19

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOS

Question 20

PDA defin.

Answer 20

Shunt

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth*
12-14 hr

Question 21

PDA results in

Answer 21

If it remains open 🡪 blood will hyper perfuse the lung 🡪 L side of heart will become volume overloaded 🡪 “machinery murmur” (best heard over the base of the heart)

Question 22

PDA clinical signs

Answer 22

▪ Loud murmur heard over L base of the heart (may be absent as move toward apex)*
▪ Exercise intolerance*
▪ Stunted growth*
▪ Puppies may be asymptomatic

Question 23

PDA dx

Answer 23

▪ ECG
▪ Radiographs
▪ Echocardiology

Question 24

ATRIAL & VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS

Answer 24

Defect in heart development* ▪ Structural*
▪ Patency of AV septum

Question 25

ATRIAL DEFECTS

Answer 25

ASDs)* ▪ Blood shunts L 🡪 R
▪ Overloads R side

Question 26

Ventricular septal defects

Answer 26

L side of heart is overloaded and enlarged

Question 27

ATRIAL & VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS clinical signs

Answer 27

▪ Signs of CHF before 8 weeks of age*
▪ ASD: soft, systolic murmur, split-second heart sound
▪ VSD: harsh, systolic murmur, right sternal border

Answer 28

Rads
Echocardiology

Question 29

CHRONIC MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY common in

Answer 29

encountered CV disorder in the dog*
▪ Progressive disorder 🡪 95% of all CHF cases in small dogs
▪ Rare in cats

Question 30

CHRONIC MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY results in

Answer 30

Nodular thickening of the valve free
edges 🡪 contraction & rolling
▪ Stiff leaflets fail to close properly 🡪 blood backup into L atrium 🡪 rupture of chordae tendinae and dilation of L atrium

Question 31

Chronic periodontal disease can

Answer 31

Increase digression

Question 32

CHRONIC MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY clinical signs

Answer 32

▪ Small or toy breed
▪ Cough,dyspnea,tachypnea ▪ Decreased appetite
▪ Systolic murmur, left apex

Question 33

CHRONIC MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY dx

Answer 33

Rads echocardiogram

Question 34

Arrhythmia def.

Answer 34

▪ Deviations from the normal heart rate rhythm ▪ Rhythms originating from abnormal locations

Question 35

Aryruthmia result from

Answer 35

▪ Abnormal impulse formation
▪ Abnormal impulse conduction

Question 36

Ways to find arrhythmia

Answer 36

Many are easily auscultated and confirmed by ECG

Question 37

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 37

▪ No organized atrial contraction
▪ Rapid, irregular HR*
▪ No evidence of P waves, irregular base
line*
▪ Drug therapy can manage but not cure AF

Question 38

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer 38

Rapid rate of contraction ↓ ventricular filling time 🡪 ↓ cardiac output*
▪ VT🡪Vfib

Infrequent to frequent widened, bizarre QRS complexes of ventricular origin*

Question 39

Ventricular Fibrillation

Answer 39

▪ Complete lack of well-defined QRS
complexes*
▪ Life-threatening*
▪ Lack of heart sounds, blood pressure, and pulse

Question 40

Ventricular fibrillation treatment

Answer 40

▪ Shockable rhythm – defibrillate*
▪ Intubation, respiratory assist
▪ IV fluids
▪ Epinephrine

Question 41

▪ Sinus Arrhythmia

Answer 41

▪ Common, normal occurrence in dogs*
▪ Alterations in vagal tone that occur while breathing*
▪ ↑ HR on inhalation
▪ ↓ HR on exhalation ▪ Not common in cats

Question 42

▪ Sinus Bradycardia

Answer 42

Normal P and QRS complexes w/ a HR <70*

Question 43

▪ Sinus Bradycardia common in

Answer 43

normal in large-breed dogs, and highly athletic, conditioned animals*

Question 44

▪ Sinus Bradycardia pathological conditions

Answer 44

↑ intracranial pressure, hyperkalemia, hypothyroidism, GI disturbances, ↑ vagal tone

Question 45

▪ Sinus Bradycardia clinical signs

Answer 45

Usually none

Episodic weakness, syncope, collapse