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Clin Path > Endocrine Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

thyroid gland dysfunction

Thyroid function will not return 🡪 daily life-long medication

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2
Q

Hypothyroidism commonly in

A

dogs
▪ Seen in cats treated for hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

Hypothyroidism acquired

A

hypothalamus or pituitary dysfunction

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4
Q

Hypothyroidism clinical signs

A

▪ Weight gain w/ no diet change
▪ Bilaterally symmetric alopecia; “rat tail”
▪ Cold intolerance
▪ Recurrent skin infections
▪ Reproduction problems

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5
Q

Hypothyroidism dx

A

▪ Thyroid ultrasound
▪ Thyroid biopsy

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6
Q

Hypothyroidism tx

A

Life-long supplementation w/ thyroid replacement
hormone
▪ Reevaluate 4-8 weeks after the start of therapy to evaluate levels

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7
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

▪ Result of a functional thyroid adenoma (>70%) or thyroid carcinoma (1-2%)

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism common in

A

cats ▪ Rare in dogs (neoplasia)

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9
Q

Hyperthyroidism clinical signs

A

▪ Middle-aged 🡪 older cat
▪ Polyphagia, V, weight loss
▪ Tachycardia +/- murmur, ↑ systolic BP
▪ Palpable enlarged thyroid
▪ Aggressive behavior, hyperactivity
▪ Blindness w/ retinal detachment

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10
Q

Hyperthyroidism dx

A

▪ Palpation
▪ ↑ Thyroid hormone levels
▪ CBC/chem – r/o other organ system failures
▪ Nuclear scintigraphy – 1-2 glands

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11
Q

Hyperthyroidism tx

A

Surgery – curative, preserve parathyroid
▪ Radioactive Iodine-131
▪ Antithyroid drug therapy

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12
Q

Antithyroid drug therapy

A

inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone by disrupting the incorporation of iodine

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13
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Β-cells in pancreas stop producing insulin in adequate amounts or the cells in specific body tissues become resistant to action of insulin

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14
Q

Diabetes Mellitus occurs

A

Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into the cell 🡪 glycolysis

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15
Q

Diabetes Mellitus type 1

A

100% of dogs, 50% of cats 🡪 insulin therapy
Insulin dependent

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16
Q

Diabetes Mellitus type 2

A

Noninsulin dependent 50% of cats

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17
Q

Insulin

A

▪ Protein molecule: damaged by heat, rough
handling, chemicals
▪ Refrigerate, mix gently, use new syringe (Vetsulin)

18
Q

Diabetes Mellitus types

A

Nonketotic diabetes
Ketotic diabetes

19
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Nonketonic diabetes signs

A

▪ PU/PD, dehydration
▪ Weight loss (especially in cats)
▪ Polyphagia
▪ Sudden cataract formation

20
Q

Diabetes Mellitus signs

A

▪ All of the above +
▪ Depression, weakness
▪ Tachypnea
▪ Vomiting

PU/PD, dehydration
▪ Weight loss (especially in cats)
▪ Polyphagia
▪ Sudden cataract formation

▪ Odor of acetone on breath

21
Q

Diabetes Mellitus dx

A

Evaluate clinical signs
Urine glycosuria
CBC/chem: r/o other concurrent disease
BG curve

22
Q

Diabetes Mellitus types of tx

A

Dietary
Insulin therapy
Excercise regulation

23
Q

Diabetes Mellitus dietary tx

A

High fiber w/ complex carbs

24
Q

Diabetes Mellitus insulin therapy tx

A

Human or animal based
▪ Intermediate or long-acting
▪ SID or BID
▪ Monitor clinical signs, BG levels, and BG curves to adjust insulin levels as therapy progresses

25
Q

Diabetes Mellitus excercise regulation tx

A

Normalize routines (diet and exercise)
▪ Excessive exercise may warrant a decrease in insulin for the day

26
Q

Primary hypoadrenocorticism

A

Atrophy of the adrenal cortex 🡪 decreased production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

27
Q

Secondary hypoadrenocorticism

A

Lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – less common

28
Q

hypoadrenocorticism causes

A

Trauma, fungal infection, neoplasm, and hereditary tendencies

29
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism clinical signs

A

▪ Depression, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, weight loss
▪ V/D
▪ PU/PD
▪ Symptoms frequently wax and wane over time

30
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism dx serum chem

A

Serum chemistry
▪ Low Na:K ratio
▪ ↑ BUN, creatinine, Ca, K
▪ ↓glucose and albumin, Na

31
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism dx Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation test (ACTH stim)

A

Low resting cortisol [ ], which remains essentially unchanged after administration of ACTH
▪ Definitive diagnosis

32
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism tx acute

A

Fluid replacement w/ normal saline
▪ Drug therapy: replace and balance steroid levels

33
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism chronic tx

A

Oral steroid replacement therapy – daily
▪ DOCP injection every 25-30 days
▪ Monitor for clinical signs of crisis
▪ Periodic bloodwork: electrolytes, BUN, creatinine

34
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Any disease state that results in hypersecretion of cortisol

35
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism leads to

A

Pituitary lesion (excess ACTH)
▪ Abnormal pituitary cells secrete excessive amounts of ACTH 🡪 adrenal gland hyperplasia 🡪 oversecretion of cortisol

Adrenal tumor (excess cortisol)

36
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism common in

A

dogs <20 kg

37
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism clinical signs

A

Dogs >6 years old
▪ PU/PD
▪ Polyphagia, abdominal enlargement, obesity
▪ Excessive panting
▪ Muscle weakness, lethargy, lameness
▪ Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, pruritis, pyoderma

38
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism dx serum chem

A

▪ ↑ ALP, ALT, cholesterol, glucose
▪ ↓BUN
▪ Lipemia

Urine cortisol:creatinine ratio ↑
▪ ACTH stimulation test

39
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism dx Dexamethasone suppression test

A

Low dose
▪ PHD: no change in cortisol [ ] 8 hrs post
injection (remains high)
▪ Adrenal tumor: no change in cortisol

40
Q

Tx Hyperadrenocorticism

A

▪ ▪
Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
Medical management
▪ Drug therapy to decrease adrenal gland function (trilostane/mitotane)
▪ Life-long

Clin Path (16 decks)

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