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Clin Path > M > Flashcards

M Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A
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2
Q

2 classes of metabolism

A
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3
Q

Catabolism

A
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4
Q

Anabolism

A
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5
Q

What does catabolism require

A

Water

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6
Q

Exergonic reactions

A
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7
Q

Anabolisminvolves whatkind of vxn

A
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8
Q

Endergonic

A
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9
Q

ATP abbrev,

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

ATP -) ADP +pi + energy

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11
Q

Anabolism

A
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12
Q

Catabolism vs anabolism

A
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13
Q

Collision theory

A

Explanation of how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of these reactions

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14
Q

Because molecules have mass and are in motion,

A

Contain energy

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15
Q

► If the energy from a collision is great enough,

A

it can result in the rearrangement of chemical bonds

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16
Q

Velocity

A

► The faster an object moves, the more energy it
contains
► More energy means more reacti

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17
Q

Chemical configuration

A

arrangement of electrons in the molecule

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18
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of energy needed to disrupt an electron configuration so that a reaction occurs
► This number will vary depending on the molecules reacting
► Knowing the activation energy allows us to determine the reaction rate

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19
Q

Reaction Rate

A

the frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to start a reaction.
► This is dependent on the number of reactant molecules at or above the activation energy.
► Can be increased by raising the temperature or pressure

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20
Q

Increasing Reaction Rate

A

Temperature
Pressure

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21
Q

Temp in increasing rxn rate

A

► Temperature increases reaction rate by providing additional energy to the molecules, speeding them up
► Thus, more collisions with sufficient energy occur

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22
Q

Pressure in Increasing Reaction Rate

A

Pressure increases reaction rate by forcing the molecules into a smaller space
► Thus, more collisions occur

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

► Temperature and pressure may speed up a reaction, but are generally not good for cells
► Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction
► Enzymes are catalysts which speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves.
► Enzymes are specific and only catalyze one reaction

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24
Q

Active site

A

When enzymes bind their substrate in a specific region

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25
Q

They usually exist in the cell in both ______and ______ forms which are dependent on the cell’s environment.

A

Active and inactive

26
Q

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

A

Temp
pH
Substrate concentration

27
Q

Temp does what to enzymes

A

increase the rate of enzyme activity to a point.

28
Q

pH alters

A

Higher or lower than this pH alters the protein structure, stopping function

29
Q

increase enzyme activity, up until all the enzymes are functioning at maximum

A

Substrate concentration

30
Q

Multiple Enzymes Can Work Together

A

work together to break down the molecule in steps bc there’s a lot of bonds that need to be broken down

31
Q

Inhibitor types

A

Competitive
Non competitive

32
Q

Competitor inhibitor

A

Fill the active site of the enzyme and compete with substrate for the active site

33
Q

Non competitive

A

Bind with another part of the enzyme which changes the shape of the active site.
► aka allosteric inhibition

34
Q

Feedback Inhibition uses

A

the enzyme product as an inhibitor

35
Q

Feedback inhibition is a ______ inhibitor

A

Non competitive

36
Q

Feedback inhibitiyion prevents the cell from

A

wasting resources on more product than it needs.
► Usually occurs in a chain reaction, stopping the first enzyme in the cascade.

37
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Couple rxns together
AKA oxidation reduction

38
Q

In redox reactions
► The molecule that loses electrons is
► The molecule that gains electrons is

A

oxidized

Reduced

39
Q

redox reactions used for

A

photosynthesis, respiration and fermentation to generate energy

40
Q

Two ways ATP is generated

A

► Substrate level phosphorylation
► Oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

occur when a P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP.
► C-C-C-P + ADP 🡪 C-C-C + ATP

42
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electrons are transferred from an organic compound (typically reduced NADH) to a series of electron carriers.
► As the electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, they release energy.
► This energy release is used to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP, generating ATP

43
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

The processing of carbohydrates for the generation of energy:

44
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

45
Q

Glycolysis

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces NADH
and ATP

46
Q

Krebs

A

Oxidation of acetyl CoA into CO2 produces NADH and FADH2

47
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A series of carrier molecules take the NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to produce ATP

48
Q

(30-32 ATP) due to

A

membranes are not totally impermeable to protons, and not all the glucose molecules make it to the end of glycolysis

49
Q

38 ATP per

A

Glucose molecule max

50
Q

Fermentation

A

organic compounds can be broken down to release energy

he NADH is regenerated into NAD, so it can be used in glycolysis again

51
Q

Fermentation 5 factors

A
  1. Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules
  2. Does not require oxygen
  3. Does not use the TCA cycle or ETS
  4. Organic molecule is terminal electron acceptor
  5. Produces small amounts of energy
52
Q

Fermentation 2 step program

A

► Step 1: glycolysis yields 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
► Step 2: pyruvic acid is converted into end-product, which is organism specifi

53
Q

Fermentation byproducts

A

► CO2
► Other gasses
► Alcohol
► Various acids

54
Q

Lipid catabolism composed of

A

a glycerol and fatty acid chains that can enter either glycolysis or the acetyl CoA steps

55
Q

Lipases seperate

A

the glycerol from the fatty acid

56
Q

In lipid catabolism
► Glycerol is converted into
► Fatty acids are converted into

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Acetyl Co

57
Q

Protein Catabolism broken down to reuse

A

amino acids or converted to enter various points of glycolysis and the TCA cycle

58
Q

Extracellular proteases and peptidases can break down complex proteins

A

component amino acids for uptake into the cell

59
Q

Phototrophs

A

utilize light energy from the sun to generate chemical energy
Ex. ► Plants, algae, cyanobacteria and purple and green sulfur

60
Q

Light and Dark Reactions

A

conversion of CO2, H2O and light into sugars and oxygen is carried out in two steps

61
Q

Light and Dark Reactions

A

conversion of CO2, H2O and light into sugars and oxygen is carried out in two steps

62
Q

Light reactions

A

In the light reactions, energy from the sun is used to generate ATP and reduce the electron carrier NAD+ into NADH
► This happens in the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Clin Path (16 decks)

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