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Clin Path > Nueorologic > Flashcards

Nueorologic Flashcards

1
Q

Idiopathic vestibular dz clinical signs

A

▪ Incapacitating loss of balance
▪ Nystagmus
▪ Disorientation
▪ Ataxia
▪ Vomiting
▪ Anorexia

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2
Q

Idiopathic vestibular dz dx

A

▪ Clinical signs
▪ Bloodwork to r/o other nervous system diseases
▪ Otic examination to rule out inner ear problems

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3
Q

Epilepsy

A

Seizures —no apparent cause
Singly or in clusters for 1-2 mins

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4
Q

Epilepsy onset age

A

1-3 yrs of age

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5
Q

Epilepsy treatment

A

Drugs: phenobarbital (7-10days, pre/postpill), KBr, zonisamide

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6
Q

Intervertebral disk dz types

A

Type l + type2

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7
Q

Type l intervertebral disk

A

Acute rupture into the spinal canal

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8
Q

Type 2 intervertebral disk

A

▪ Common in older (>5yrs) large-breed dogs
▪ Extrusion occurs over a longer period
▪ Less acute and less severe clinical signs

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9
Q

Intervertebral disk dz clinical signs

A

▪ Apparent pain: +/- motor or sensory deficits
▪ Acute onset (type 1)
▪ Paresis or paralysis – unilateral or bilateral
▪ Decreased panniculus reflex 1-2 vertebral spaces caudal to the lesion
▪ Altered deep pain response

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10
Q

Types of intervertebral disk treatments

A

Medical
▪ Corticosteroids
Intensive nursing care
▪ Padded cage
▪ U-cath or bladder expression
▪ Prevention of bed sores
▪ Proper nutrition and hydration
Surgical
▪ Deep pain present
▪ ASAP to prevent further damage to spinal cord

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11
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler Syndrome)

A

Cervical spinal cord compression

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12
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy commonly affected vertebrae’s

A

Caudal vertebral (C5-C7) malformation or misarticulation

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13
Q

Wobbler syndrome commonly in what breeds

A

Great Danes and Doberman pinscher

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14
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy clinical signs

A

▪ Abnormal wearing of the dorsal surface of the rear paws, nails, or both
▪ Swinging, wobbly gait – rear limbs
▪ Gait worse on rising
▪ Similar signs in front limbs

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15
Q

Wobbler syndrome medical treatment

A

▪ Antiinflammatories
▪ Neck brace
▪ Cage confinement

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16
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy surgical treatment

A

▪ High potential for morbidity and postsurgical
complications
▪ Decompression and stabilization

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17
Q

Degenerative myelopathy clinical signs

A

▪ Slowly progressive hid limb paresis and
ataxia
▪ Muscle atrophy

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18
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy

A

GSD mixes
Older dogs
- bone degenerating, lack in spinal cord stabilization

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19
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy progression

A

progress until the animal is unable to support weight with the rear limbs
▪ Progressive incurable disease
▪ Degeneration of spinal nerves

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20
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy nuero exam

A

▪ Lesion in the region of T3-L3
▪ Decreased or absent proprioception
▪ Increased to normal patellar reflex
▪ Lack of pain
▪ Normal sphincter tone
▪ Normal panniculus reflex

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21
Q

Degenerative myelopathy diagnostics

A

Radiographs
▪ Narrowed disk spaces —Not always helpful
CSF collection
▪ May show ↑ protein concentration

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22
Q

Laryngeal paralysis occurs in what species

A

Dogs and cats

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23
Q

Laryngeal paralysis forms

A

Hereditary
Acquired
Idiopathic

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24
Q

Hereditary laryngeal paralysis age

A

4-6 months

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25
Q

Acquired laryngeal paralysis age

A

1.5-13 yrs

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26
Q

Idiopathic laryngeal paralysis happen in …

A

middle-age to old, large and giant breed dogs
▪ Castrated male dogs and cats > female and non-neutered animals

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27
Q

Laryngeal paralysis clinical signs

A

▪ Inspiratory stridor
▪ Respiratory distress
▪ Loss of endurance
▪ Voice change
▪ Dyspnea
▪ Cyanosis
▪ Complete respiratory collapse

28
Q

Megaesophagus

A

Lack of esophageal peristalsis —>dilation of the esophagus and regurgitation

29
Q

Megaesophagus forms

A

Congenital and acquired

30
Q

Congenital Megaesophagus causes …

A

around weaning time
▪ Chronic regurgitation, weight loss, respiratory
signs, pneumonias

31
Q

Congenital Megaesophagus commonly bc of…

A

▪ Great Danes, GSD, Irish setters, Newfoundlands, Shar-Peis, greyhounds
▪ Inherited – wire-haired fox terriers, mini schnauzers

32
Q

Acquired Megaesophagus

A

Any age
▪ Linked to: metabolic neuromuscular disease, distemper, tick paralysis, lead poisoning, lar-par

33
Q

Megaesophagus management

A

▪ Elevated feeding – Baily chair
▪ Provide liquid or soft diet – high calorie
▪ Several small meals throughout the day

34
Q

Common ticks

A

Rocky Mountain wood tick – Dermacentor andersoni

Common dog tick – Dermacentor variabilis

35
Q

Female ticks

A
  • salivary neurotoxin
    ▪ Interferes with acetylcholine concentrations at the neuromuscular junction
36
Q

Tick paralysis clinical signs

A

▪ Presence of ticks on the dog
▪ Gradual development of hind-limb ataxia
▪ Altered voice and dysphagia may be seen
▪ Recumbency w/in 24 – 72 hours
▪ Reflexes lost while sensation remains
▪ Respiratory paralysis —> death

37
Q

Tick paralysis treatment

A

Remove all ticks from the animal
▪ Physical
▪ Drug
▪ Supportive care
▪ Ventilator if respiratory paralysis occurs
▪ Tick anti-serum

38
Q

Length of tick paralysis

A

1-3 days

39
Q

Erythrocyte disorders associated with

A

▪ Decreased production
▪ Increased destruction
▪ Inappropriate loss (hemorrhage)

40
Q

Erythrocyte disorder causes

A

Anemia
Hemorrhage
▪ Hemolysis
▪ Blood parasites
▪ Iron deficiencies
▪ Immune-mediated disease
▪ Toxins

41
Q

IMHA abbreviation

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

42
Q

IMHA common in

A

Dogs 2-8 years old
▪ 4x more prevalent in females
▪ Breeds: poodles, Old English sheepdogs, Irish setter, cocker
spaniels

43
Q

Def. Of IMHA

A

RBCs coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them

44
Q

IMHA clinical signs

A

Anorexia
▪ Listlessness, weakness
▪ Depression
▪ Tachycardia, tachypnea
▪ +/- icterus
▪ +/- hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
▪ Pale mucus membranes

45
Q

Ways to dx IMHA

A

Leukocytosis
▪ Absolute neutrophilia w/ a left shift
▪ Regenerative anemia

46
Q

IMHA treatment

A

Aimed at improving tissue oxygenation and managing immune
response
▪ Glucocorticoids
▪ Drugs to prevent gastric ulceration
▪ Heparin to prevent thromboembolism
▪ Blood transfusions

47
Q

IMTP abbreviation

A

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

48
Q

IMTP common in

A

2x more likely in females
▪ Dogs 5-6 years of age

49
Q

IMTP def.

A

Platelets coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them in the spleen, bone marrow or liver

50
Q

IMTP clinical signs

A

As platelets drop to <30,000 thrombocytes/mm3 🡪 clinical signs
▪ Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces
▪ Bloody stool or vomit
▪ Epistaxis
▪ Weakness, lethargy

51
Q

IMTP treatment

A

▪ Steroids: prenisone
▪ Chemo: vincristine
▪ Platelet-rich blood transfusion
▪ GI protectant

52
Q

Ehrlichiosis source

A

Rickettsial disease spread by the brown dog tick (bacteria)
- SE SW U.S
- Primarily on tropical and subtropical environments throughout the world

53
Q

Ehrlichiosis acute clinical signs

A

depression, anorexia, fever, weight loss, ocular and nasal discharge, dyspnea, edema of the limbs, lymphadenopathy

54
Q

Ehrlichiosis chronic clinical signs

A

bleeding tendencies, severe weight loss, debilitation, abdominal tenderness, anterior uveitis, retinal hemorrhages

55
Q

Ehrlichiosis treatment

A

Antibiotics (Tetracycline or doxycycline)

56
Q

vWF

A

Primary hemostasis
Sticks playlets until we get fibrin

BMBT on suspected cases prior to
surgery

57
Q

vWF inherited disorder of hemostasis

A
  • Most common breeds: Doberman pinchers, GSD, Labrador retrievers
    ▪ Affected animals should not be used for breeding
58
Q

vWF clinical signs

A

▪ Easy bruising
▪ Prolonged bleeding during estrus
▪ Prolonged bleeding from venipucture

59
Q

vWF treatment

A

Manage bleeding episodes with plasma or cryoprecipitate
Desmopressin acetate can be used to control bleeding during surgery
▪ Effects last about 2 hours
▪ Increases factor VIII in the blood

60
Q

FIV abbreviation

A

Feline Immunodeficiency virus

61
Q

FIV TREATMENT

A
62
Q

FIV Stages

A
63
Q

Acute FIV

A
64
Q

Subclinical FIV

A
65
Q

Chronic FIV

A

Clin Path (16 decks)

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