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Clin Path > Eye Diseases > Flashcards

Eye Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctivitis caused by

A

Rarely a 1° disease process, find underlying cause
􏰀 Immune-mediated, allergic, anatomic, bacterial

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2
Q

Conjunctivitis clinical signs

A

Chemosis (conjunctival swelling)
􏰀 Hyperemia (redness)
􏰀 Ocular discharge (serous or purulent)

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3
Q

Conjunctivitis dx

A

􏰀 PE: diagnose 1° disease
􏰀 r/o foreign bodies or the presence of follicles 􏰀 +/- Schirmer tear test
􏰀 Conjunctival scraping 🡪 cytology, C&S

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4
Q

Conjunctivitis tx

A

􏰀 Resolve underlying systemic disease
􏰀 Topical antibiotics
􏰀 Nonsteroidal ointments
􏰀 Keep eyes clear of dried exudate
􏰀 Topical antivirals

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5
Q

Epiphora

A

Overproduction of tears

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6
Q

Epiphora caused by

A

Faulty drainage by the lacrimal system

Brachycephalics

Entropion or ectropion

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7
Q

Epiphora —-Faulty drainage by the lacrimal system

A

􏰀 Blockage of the lacrimal duct by swelling or inflammatory cells
􏰀 Imperforate puncta
􏰀 Trauma

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8
Q

Epiphora —Brachycephalics

A

􏰀 Large globes in shallow orbit
􏰀 Little room for tear accumulation

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9
Q

Epiphora clinical signs

A

􏰀 “Watering” eyes – acute or chronic
􏰀 Wet facial hair in the medial canthus
􏰀 2° bacterial infection of the skin at the medial canthus
􏰀 “Tear staining”

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10
Q

Epiphora dx

A

􏰀 Complete eye exam
􏰀 Test patency of nasolacrimal system using fluorescein stain

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11
Q

Epiphora tx

A

􏰀 Treat the primary cause of eye pain/irritation
􏰀 Flush the nasolacrimal ducts
􏰀 Surgically open imperforate puncta
􏰀 Keep facial hair trimmed

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12
Q

Entropion

A

Eyelid rolls in against the cornea

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13
Q

Ectropion

A

Eyelid rolls outward, exposing the cornea

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14
Q

Entropion signs

A

rolling in of the lid margin(s), epiphora, chemosis, conjunctival erythema, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, pain, +/- corneal ulcer, photophobia

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15
Q

Ectropion signs

A

lid eversion, conjunctivitis, epiphora, keratitis, purulent exudate

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16
Q

Entropion and Ectropion dx

A

􏰀 Observe the lids and their interaction with
the globe
􏰀 Complete ocular exam: cornea, conjunctiva, lid margins
􏰀 Do not sedate patient

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17
Q

Entropion and Ectropion tx

A

Sx correction

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18
Q

Glaucoma

A

􏰀 Severely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP

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19
Q

Glaucoma leads to

A

Eyeball = a relatively closed system housed
in a bony orbit
􏰀 An ↑ in globe contents 🡪 ↑ IOP b/c expansion is
limited
􏰀 More aqueous fluid is produced than leaves the eye

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20
Q

Glaucoma classification primary

A

inherited, affects both eyes

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21
Q

Glaucoma secondary class

A

obstruction of the drainage angles 2° to another disease process of the eye

22
Q

Glaucoma acute

A

IOP>60 mm HG —>disruption of retinal ganglion cells and circulation —>blindness
􏰀 Goal of tx: ↓IOP rapidly to prevent permanent injury

23
Q

Glaucoma chronic

A

sustained ↑ IOP 🡪 painful, blind eye,
unresponsive to medical therapy

24
Q

Glaucoma normal IOP

A

Canine/feline = 12 – 22 mm Hg

25
Q

Glaucoma acute clinical signs

A

􏰀 Ocular pain
􏰀 Conjunctival and episcleral injection
􏰀 Diffuse corneal edema
􏰀 Dilated pupil, ↓ or absent PLR
􏰀 +/- blindness

26
Q

Glaucoma chronic signs

A

􏰀 Buphthalmias (enlarged globe)
􏰀 Corneal striae, optic disk cupping
􏰀 Pain
􏰀 Blindness

27
Q

Glaucomadx

A

􏰀 Measured IOP 30 mm Hg or greater
􏰀 Tonometer
􏰀 Clinical signs
􏰀 r/o lens luxation as cause

28
Q

Glaucoma acute drug therapy

A

􏰀 Drug therapy: ↓ aqueous humor production, facilitate and ↑ aqueous outflow, diuretics

29
Q

Glaucoma chronic tx

A

Surgical: procedures that ↓aqueous production by destroying part of the ciliary body, procedures that ↑ aqueous outflow

30
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers)

A

A full-thickness loss of corneal epithelium 🡪 exposed stroma

31
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers)

A

A full-thickness loss of corneal epithelium 🡪 exposed stroma

32
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) corneal layers

A

􏰀 Epithelium
􏰀 Stroma
􏰀 Descemet membrane
􏰀 Endothelium

33
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) watch healing …

A

􏰀 Pain control and an e-collar
􏰀 Uncomplicated ulcers will heal in 24-48 hours
􏰀 If ulcer breaches stroma and enters Descemet’s membrane 🡪 rupture

34
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) clinical signs

A

􏰀 Epiphora
􏰀 Blepharospasm (pain)
􏰀 Conjunctival hyperemia

35
Q

Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) dx

A

􏰀 Thorough eye exam
􏰀 Fluorescein stain
􏰀 Absorbed well by stroma but not epithelium
􏰀 Possible C&S

36
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) tx

A

􏰀 Drug therapy: atropine for pain and blepharospasm, topical antibiotics, blood serum from patient
􏰀 DO NOT use steroids in an ulcerated eye!!!
􏰀 Surgery

37
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) AKA

A

Chronic dry eye

38
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)

A

Loss of function (atrophy) of both lacrimal
glands

39
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) types

A

Orbital
Nictitans

40
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) orbital

A

􏰀 Lateral superior orbit
􏰀 70% of tear production

41
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) nictitans

A

􏰀 Base of 3rd eyelid
􏰀 30% of tear production

42
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) clinical signs

A

􏰀 Recurrent conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers
􏰀 Cornea and conjunctiva appear dull, dry, and irregular
􏰀 Severe mucoid ocular discharge on lid margins and medial canthus
􏰀 Blepharospasm

43
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) dx

A

􏰀 Schirmer tear test <15 mm/min
􏰀 Normal: dogs – 15-25 mm/min, cats –
11-23 mm/min

44
Q

Tx for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)

A

Drug therapy: tear stimulation, topical artificial tear ointments

45
Q

Cataracts

A

An opacity of the lens sufficient to cause a reduction in visual function

46
Q

Cataracts causes

A

cause of blindness in dogs, less common in cats
Inherited or secondary to other diseases/trauma

47
Q

Cataracts not

A

lenticular sclerosis
􏰀 Normal change in ageing animals, causes lens opacity but vision is maintained

48
Q

Cataracts clinical signs

A

􏰀 Progressive loss of vision
􏰀 Opaque pupillary opening
􏰀 Signs related to systemic disease (diabetes mellitus, hypocalcemia)

49
Q

Cataracts dx

A

􏰀 Complete ophthalmic exam
􏰀 Vision assessment
􏰀 Normal PLR

50
Q

Cataracts tx

A

􏰀 Surgical removal of the cataract
􏰀 Treatment of systemic disease

51
Q

Blepharospasm (pain)

A

Blinking excessively

Clin Path (16 decks)

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