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Eye Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctivitis caused by

A

Rarely a 1° disease process, find underlying cause
􏰀 Immune-mediated, allergic, anatomic, bacterial

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2
Q

Conjunctivitis clinical signs

A

Chemosis (conjunctival swelling)
􏰀 Hyperemia (redness)
􏰀 Ocular discharge (serous or purulent)

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3
Q

Conjunctivitis dx

A

􏰀 PE: diagnose 1° disease
􏰀 r/o foreign bodies or the presence of follicles 􏰀 +/- Schirmer tear test
􏰀 Conjunctival scraping 🡪 cytology, C&S

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4
Q

Conjunctivitis tx

A

􏰀 Resolve underlying systemic disease
􏰀 Topical antibiotics
􏰀 Nonsteroidal ointments
􏰀 Keep eyes clear of dried exudate
􏰀 Topical antivirals

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5
Q

Epiphora

A

Overproduction of tears

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6
Q

Epiphora caused by

A

Faulty drainage by the lacrimal system

Brachycephalics

Entropion or ectropion

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7
Q

Epiphora —-Faulty drainage by the lacrimal system

A

􏰀 Blockage of the lacrimal duct by swelling or inflammatory cells
􏰀 Imperforate puncta
􏰀 Trauma

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8
Q

Epiphora —Brachycephalics

A

􏰀 Large globes in shallow orbit
􏰀 Little room for tear accumulation

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9
Q

Epiphora clinical signs

A

􏰀 “Watering” eyes – acute or chronic
􏰀 Wet facial hair in the medial canthus
􏰀 2° bacterial infection of the skin at the medial canthus
􏰀 “Tear staining”

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10
Q

Epiphora dx

A

􏰀 Complete eye exam
􏰀 Test patency of nasolacrimal system using fluorescein stain

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11
Q

Epiphora tx

A

􏰀 Treat the primary cause of eye pain/irritation
􏰀 Flush the nasolacrimal ducts
􏰀 Surgically open imperforate puncta
􏰀 Keep facial hair trimmed

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12
Q

Entropion

A

Eyelid rolls in against the cornea

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13
Q

Ectropion

A

Eyelid rolls outward, exposing the cornea

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14
Q

Entropion signs

A

rolling in of the lid margin(s), epiphora, chemosis, conjunctival erythema, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, pain, +/- corneal ulcer, photophobia

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15
Q

Ectropion signs

A

lid eversion, conjunctivitis, epiphora, keratitis, purulent exudate

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16
Q

Entropion and Ectropion dx

A

􏰀 Observe the lids and their interaction with
the globe
􏰀 Complete ocular exam: cornea, conjunctiva, lid margins
􏰀 Do not sedate patient

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17
Q

Entropion and Ectropion tx

A

Sx correction

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18
Q

Glaucoma

A

􏰀 Severely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP

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19
Q

Glaucoma leads to

A

Eyeball = a relatively closed system housed
in a bony orbit
􏰀 An ↑ in globe contents 🡪 ↑ IOP b/c expansion is
limited
􏰀 More aqueous fluid is produced than leaves the eye

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20
Q

Glaucoma classification primary

A

inherited, affects both eyes

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21
Q

Glaucoma secondary class

A

obstruction of the drainage angles 2° to another disease process of the eye

22
Q

Glaucoma acute

A

IOP>60 mm HG —>disruption of retinal ganglion cells and circulation —>blindness
􏰀 Goal of tx: ↓IOP rapidly to prevent permanent injury

23
Q

Glaucoma chronic

A

sustained ↑ IOP 🡪 painful, blind eye,
unresponsive to medical therapy

24
Q

Glaucoma normal IOP

A

Canine/feline = 12 – 22 mm Hg

25
Glaucoma acute clinical signs
􏰀 Ocular pain 􏰀 Conjunctival and episcleral injection 􏰀 Diffuse corneal edema 􏰀 Dilated pupil, ↓ or absent PLR 􏰀 +/- blindness
26
Glaucoma chronic signs
􏰀 Buphthalmias (enlarged globe) 􏰀 Corneal striae, optic disk cupping 􏰀 Pain 􏰀 Blindness
27
Glaucomadx
􏰀 Measured IOP 30 mm Hg or greater 􏰀 Tonometer 􏰀 Clinical signs 􏰀 r/o lens luxation as cause
28
Glaucoma acute drug therapy
􏰀 Drug therapy: ↓ aqueous humor production, facilitate and ↑ aqueous outflow, diuretics
29
Glaucoma chronic tx
Surgical: procedures that ↓aqueous production by destroying part of the ciliary body, procedures that ↑ aqueous outflow
30
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers)
A full-thickness loss of corneal epithelium 🡪 exposed stroma
31
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers)
A full-thickness loss of corneal epithelium 🡪 exposed stroma
32
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) corneal layers
􏰀 Epithelium 􏰀 Stroma 􏰀 Descemet membrane 􏰀 Endothelium
33
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) watch healing …
􏰀 Pain control and an e-collar 􏰀 Uncomplicated ulcers will heal in 24-48 hours 􏰀 If ulcer breaches stroma and enters Descemet’s membrane 🡪 rupture
34
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) clinical signs
􏰀 Epiphora 􏰀 Blepharospasm (pain) 􏰀 Conjunctival hyperemia
35
Ulcerative Keratitis (Corneal Ulcers) dx
􏰀 Thorough eye exam 􏰀 Fluorescein stain 􏰀 Absorbed well by stroma but not epithelium 􏰀 Possible C&S
36
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) tx
􏰀 Drug therapy: atropine for pain and blepharospasm, topical antibiotics, blood serum from patient 􏰀 DO NOT use steroids in an ulcerated eye!!! 􏰀 Surgery
37
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) AKA
Chronic dry eye
38
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
Loss of function (atrophy) of both lacrimal glands
39
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) types
Orbital Nictitans
40
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) orbital
􏰀 Lateral superior orbit 􏰀 70% of tear production
41
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) nictitans
􏰀 Base of 3rd eyelid 􏰀 30% of tear production
42
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) clinical signs
􏰀 Recurrent conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers 􏰀 Cornea and conjunctiva appear dull, dry, and irregular 􏰀 Severe mucoid ocular discharge on lid margins and medial canthus 􏰀 Blepharospasm
43
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) dx
􏰀 Schirmer tear test <15 mm/min 􏰀 Normal: dogs – 15-25 mm/min, cats – 11-23 mm/min
44
Tx for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
Drug therapy: tear stimulation, topical artificial tear ointments
45
Cataracts
An opacity of the lens sufficient to cause a reduction in visual function
46
Cataracts causes
cause of blindness in dogs, less common in cats Inherited or secondary to other diseases/trauma
47
Cataracts not
lenticular sclerosis 􏰀 Normal change in ageing animals, causes lens opacity but vision is maintained
48
Cataracts clinical signs
􏰀 Progressive loss of vision 􏰀 Opaque pupillary opening 􏰀 Signs related to systemic disease (diabetes mellitus, hypocalcemia)
49
Cataracts dx
􏰀 Complete ophthalmic exam 􏰀 Vision assessment 􏰀 Normal PLR
50
Cataracts tx
􏰀 Surgical removal of the cataract 􏰀 Treatment of systemic disease
51
Blepharospasm (pain)
Blinking excessively

Clin Path (16 decks)

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