Smooth Muscle Flashcards
Two (2) Types of Human Muscle System
- Voluntary Muscle
- Involuntary Muscle
Striated Muscle (or Skeletal Muscle)
Voluntary Muscle
Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary Muscle
It is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
Two (2) Types of Smooth Muscles
- Single-Unit (Visceral)
- Multi-Unit
Found in hollow organs and small blood vessels. Autorhythmic. Gap junctions cause fibers to contract in UNISON.
Single-Unit (Visceral)
Individual fibers with own motor neuron ending. Found in large arteries, large airways and arrector pili. The cells can act and function independently of the others.
Multi-Unit
Most organs that receive autonomic neurons are innervated by both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic division, the phenomenon known as __________.
Dual Innervation
Two (2) Types of Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
Three (3) Types of Peripheral Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System
- Visceral Nervous System
Three (3) Types of Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Enteric Nervous System
Two (2) Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
AKA: Adrenergic “Fight and Flight”
Sympathetic
AKA: Cholinergic “Rest and Digest”
Parasympathetic
It has the property of adjusting in response to stressful situations such as trauma, fear, hypoglycemia, cold or exercise.
Sympathetic
Neurotransmitter of Sympathetic
• Acetylcholine (Pre Ganglia)
• Catecholamine (Post Ganglia)
Receptors of Sympathetic
• Ganglionic: Nicotinic (Nn)
• Post Ganglionic: A, B, and D
It maintains essential bodily functions (digestive processes and elimination of wastes) and is required for life.
Parasympathetic
Neurotransmitter of Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine (Both Pre and Post Ganglia)
Receptors of Parasympathetic
• Ganglionic: Nn
• Post Ganglionic: Nn and Muscarinic
Three (3) Types of Catecholamines
- Norepinephrine (A1 and B1)
- Epinephrine (A1, B1, and B2)
- Methyl Norepinephrine (A2)
Activation: Contraction → Vasoconstriction
Vascular Smooth Muscle
Negative Feedback Effect, Dec. Catecholamine Release
Pre Ganglia
Activation: Contraction of Smooth Muscle → Vasoconstriction
Post Ganglia
B1 - Heart Muscle Contraction, B2 - Bronchodilation
Cardiac Muscle
Type 1 Receptor: Ionotropic Receptor
Nicotinic Receptor
Stimulation Results to Opening of Na Ion Channel
Nicotinic Receptor
Type 2 Receptor: G-Protein Linked Receptor
Muscarinic Receptor
Mi – Gq
M2 – Gi
M3 – Gq
• Stomach for Acid Secretion
• Cardiac Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
Scientific Name of Albino Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
(T/F): Rabbits that have red eyes and white fur as the result of genetic mutation (albinism).
T
It is the enzyme responsible for pigmentation.
Tyrosinase
(T/F): The eyes of albino rabbits are color red because of the presence of melanin.
F / Presence / ABSENCE
If the rabbit doesn’t have white fur but red eyes, it can be the sign of __________.
Hyperemia
(T/F): Rabbits are frequently used to test the toxicity and safety of substances such as drugs, chemicals, and medical devices.
T
Evaluates the differences in three tissues of the eye (cornea, conjunctiva, and iris). An acute ocular toxicity test that was devised in 1944 by two toxicologists at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines. Used in testing eye care products and drugs designed specifically for topical ophthalmic use prior to marketing.
Draize Test
Designed to assess local responses to material extracts following intracutaneous injection into rabbits.
Intracutaneous Test
The albino rabbit, albino guinea pig, and white mouse have all been widely used for detecting the irritant properties of chemicals. The objective of the test is to detect both topical and systemic effects. Verifies the presence of dermal reactions to the test substance on the skin of the test animals by making small scar on the test animals’ skin and smearing the test substance onto this site.
Primary Irritation Test
Rabbit Fever
Tularemia
Causative Agent of Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
