Drugs for Bronchial Asthma (Part 01) Flashcards
It refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs through series of air passages.
Respiration
It is also known as Windpipe.
Trachea
It is the main airway to the lungs.
Trachea
These are smaller branches of bronchi and ends with alveoli.
Bronchioles
It is also known as Functional Unit.
Alveoli
It regulates smooth muscle tone in the respiratory system and thereby maintain the balance between bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator.
Autonomic Nervous System
It is responsible for regulating several basic functions of the ANS, including respiration, cardiac function, vasodilation, and reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.
Medulla Oblongata
It is inactivated by PDE.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Two (2) Types of Autacoids
- Histamine
- Leukotrienes
It causes bronchoconstriction by binding to H-1 receptor.
Histamine
LTC4 and LTD4 are bronchoconstrictor. These are considered as SRS-A (Slow Reacting Substances of Anaphylaxis).
Leukotrienes
A condition that is physiologically characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli (triggers).
Bronchial Asthma
Triggers that comes from pollens, moulds, house dust mites, and animals (dander, saliva, and urine).
Allergens
Manufacture of, for example is isocyanate—containing paints, epoxy resins, aluminum, hair sprays, penicillins, and cimetidine.
Industrial Chemicals
Examples of triggers such as aspirin, ibuprofen and other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, beta-adrenoceptor blockers.
Drugs
A rare cause but examples are nuts, fish, seafood, dairy products, food coloring, especially tartrazine, benzoic acid and sodium metabisulfite.
Food
Examples are wood or grain dust, colophony, cotton dust, grain weevils and mites, also environmental pollutants such as cigarettes, cigarette smoke and sulfur dioxide.
Other Industrial Triggers
Examples are cold air, exercise, hyperventilation, viral respiratory tract infections, emotion and stress.
Miscellaneous
Listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using stethoscope.
Auscultation
It is also known as Lung Capacity Test.
Spirometry - It measures how much air can person inhale and exhale, and how fast air can move into and out of the lungs.
It is also known as Provocation / Reactivity.
FEV - 1 Test - Assessed by measuring the fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
It is also known as Exhaled Nitric Oxide.
FeNo Test - This test measures the amount of nitric oxide in the breath.
Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma
Triggering → Signaling → Migration → Cell Activation → Tissue Stimulation and Damage
These antigen binds to IgE, which is attached to activate mast cells.
Triggering
After triggering, mast cells and other __________ cells are activated.
Signaling
This is an influx of inflammatory cells.
Migration
Required before cells can release inflammatory mediators.
Cell Activation
Occurs as the result of these inflammatory mediators released from activated cells.
Tissue Stimulation and Damage
Types of Bronchial Asthma (Based on Cause)
- Extrinsic Asthma
- Intrinsic Asthma (Non-IgE Mediated)
A type of bronchial asthma that is common in children.
Extrinsic Asthma
A type of bronchial asthma that tends to develop in adulthood.
Intrinsic Asthma
A life-threatening condition that occurs when severe asthma exacerbation fails to respond to usual treatment.
Status Asthmaticus
A condition characterized by accumulation of air in the pleural space, as sometimes occurs during an acute asthma exacerbation.
Pneumothorax
The complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Atelectasis
Symptoms of Atelectasis
• Worsening Dyspnea
• Anxiety
