SLK 310 Sem test 2 Flashcards
define clinical assessment
the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
what 2 components does the diagnostic process rely on in order to reach a diagnostic conclusion
1- securing symptoms and signs and interpreting adjunctive sources of info
2- knowledge of normal functioning and behaviour and their pathological counterparts.
what are the 4 purposes of a clinical assessment
PUTE
predicting behaviour
understanding the individual
treatment planning
evaluating outcomes
what is the hypothetico deductive method
the clinician will form a hypothesis about the problem right from the outset.
what are the 6 types of diagnoses
PPPSDF
Pathognomonic diagnosis
Phenomenological/experiential diagnosis
Pathogenic and aetiological diagnosis
Syndromal diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Functional diagnosis
what is a pathognomonic diagnosis
there is one symptom/sign or a set of symptoms/signs that uniquely define a condition
what is a phenomenological diagnosis
solely reliant on clinical info. it is made if only observed and reported info is available
what is a pathogenic and aetiological diagnosis
where the pathological process and cause are unknown
what is syndromal diagnosis
enough phenomena can be observed to recognise clustering and more is known about the presentation.
what is differential diagnosis
there are many possible explanations to account for the presentation.
what is functional diagnosis
it allows us to consider the functional implications of a condition.
what are the 3 key concepts in assessment and diagnosis
RVS
reliability
validity
standardisation
define reliability
the degree to which a measurement is consistent
define validity
whether something measures what it is designed to measure
what are the 4 types of validity
CCPF
Concurrent/descriptive validity
Construct validity
Predictive validity
Face validity
define standardisation
when a certain set of standards is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements
what are the 3 legs of the clinical encounter
HMB
History
Mental state examination
Behavioural observations
what are the 4 domains that the clinical enounter assesses
CAPD
current and past behaviour
attitudes and emotions
presenting problem
detailed history
what are the 6 elements of a clinical history
PPMISH
Primary complaint
Psychosocial adaptation and functioning
Medical history
Identifying and demographic info
Systematic enquiry
Habits
what is the mental state examination
the systematic observation of a person’s state of consciousness, cognitive ability, feelings and emotions, and behaviour
what 5 domains are considered when using a systematic approach to describing a mental state
GCMRB
General Appearance
Cognition
Mood and affect
Reality testing and organisation
behaviour
what are the 13 components of a physical examination
RREE PONG CAM DV
Respiratory
Rectal examination
Ear, nose and throat
Eyes
Pelvic, urological and gynaecological
Oral cavity and teeth
Neurological
General observations
Cardiovascular
Abdominal
Musculoskeletal
Dermatological
Vital signs
what are the ABCs of observation
antecedents
behaviours of interest
consequences
what is the brief psychiatric rating scale
it assesses 18 general areas of concern for behaviour. each symptom is rated on a 7 point scale
what 3 responses are determined using the tools of psychological testing
Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioural
what are the 2 most used projective tests
rorschach inkblot test
thematic apperception test
what are the strengths of projective testing
useful as an icebreaker
a way to gather qualitative data
what are the weaknesses of projective testing
hard to standardise
reliability and validity data tend to be mixed
what are the 3 kinds of psychological tests
projective testing
personality inventories
intelligence testing
define personality inventories
self-report questionnaires that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to them
what does MMPI stand for
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
what is the MMPI
an objective personality test that is based on an empirical approach. the collection and evaluation of data and give us a sense of the personality features and traits of the individual
what are the 3 neuropsychological tests that assess neural damage and cognitive dysfunction
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery
Bender Visual-motor gestalt test
what are the 3 problems with neuropsychological tests
False positives
False negatives
Require hours to administer
what are the 2 categories of neuroimaging
structural and functional
what is structural neuroimaging
includes procedures that show the structure of the brain (size of various parts and the presence of lesions)
what are the 2 processes involved in structural neuroimaging
CAT/CT scans and MRI scans
what is a CAT scan and what does it stand for
Computerised Axial Tomography
It employs multiple x-ray views, focused at different planes and re-assembled using complicated mathematical algorithms
what is an MRI and what does it stand for
Magnetic Resonance imaging
uses nuclear magnetic resonance in which a hydrogen ion changes its rotation and orientation when subjected to a magnetic field
what is functional neuroimaging
neural functioning is indirectly analyzed by mapping
what are the 3 processes involved in functional neuroimaging
PET scans
SPECT scans
FMRI scans
What does PET stand for
Positron Emission Tomography
what does SPECT stand for
Single photon emission computed tomography
what does FMRI stand for
Functional Magnetic resonance imaging
define psychophysiological assessment
it is a measurement of changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events
define taxonomy
classification in a scientific context
define nosology
Taxonomy in a psychological/medical phenomena
define nomenclature
labels in a nosological system
what are the 3 main sections of the DSM 5
1- introduces the manual and describes how to use it
2- presents the disorders themselves
3- descriptions of disorders/conditions that need further research before they can qualify as official diagnoses
which area of the brain is most commonly associated with anxiety
the limbic system
what are the 2 pharmacological treatments for Generalized anxiety disorder
Benzodiazepines
Antidepressants
what are the 2 psychological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Meditation
define interoceptive avoidance
when one removes oneself from situations/activities that might produce the physiological arousal that somehow resembles the beginnings of a panic attack
what is panic control treatment (PCT)
patients with panic disorder are exposed to the cluster of physical sensations that remind them of their panic attacks
what are the 4 main kinds of specific phobias
BANS
Blood-Injection-Injury phobia
Animal phobia
Natural Environment phobia
Situational phobia
what are the 4 causes of specific phobias
VIPD
Vicarious experience
Information transmission
Prepared
Direct experience
define graduated and structured exposure
systematic progression through hierarchy of feared situations related to phobia
what are the 3 pathways to social anxiety disorder
Biological vulnerability
Stress
Social trauma
which diagnostic label was introduced to account for symptoms in the immediate aftermath of severe trauma when PTSD cannot yet be diagnosed
Acute stress disorder
define catharsis
reliving trauma in psychoanalytic therapy to relieve emotional suffering
what are the 4 major types of obsessions with regard to OCD
SFCH
Symmetry/exactness
Forbidden thoughts or actions
Cleaning/contamination
Hoarding
what is the most effective psychological approach to OCD
Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP)
what is exposure and ritual prevention treatment for OCD
rituals are actively prevented, and the patient is systematically and gradually exposed to the feared thoughts or situations
what are the 5 basic somatic symptom and related disorders
SPIFC
Somatic symptom disorder
Psychological factors affecting medical condition
Illness anxiety disorder
Factitious disorder
Conversion disorder
what is somatic symptom disorder
a person’s belief that they are suffering or will develop a serious illness/disease based on the misinterpretation of symptoms. this causes anxiety and panic
what 3 additional factors may contribute to illness anxiety disorder
SIB
Stressful life events
Illness in family during childhood
Benefits of illness
what are the 5 links between somatic symptom disorder and antisocial personality disorder
VIPTO
Vandalism
Irresponsibility with finances and at work
Persistent lying
Theft
Out right physical aggression
what are the 4 shared features of antisocial personality disorder and somatic symptom disorder
BMCL
Both begin early in life
More common in lower socioeconomic groups
Chronic and difficult to treat
Linked to marital discord, substance abuse and interpersonal problems
what are the 3 treatments for somatic symptom disorders
Psychoeducation
Psychotherapy
Biological treatments
what are the 4 faculties of influence regarding conversion disorder symptoms
MMPS
Motor symptoms
Mixed Symptoms
Pseudo-seizure
Sensory symptoms
factitious disorder seems particularly common among people who…
RCH
Received extensive medical treatment as children
Carry a grudge against the medical profession
Have worked in medical related fields where substantial knowledge of illnesses may have been gained
define depersonalisation
altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality.
define derealisation
an individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world
define depersonalisation-derealisation disorder
dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonalisation are so severe they dominate the client’s life and prevent normal functioning
define dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal info, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature
what is the diathesis-stress model
only with the appropriate vulnerabilities will someone react to stress with pathological dissociation
define anhedonia
a general loss of interest in things and an inability to experience any pleasure from life
define major depressive disorder
a mood disorder involving one or more major depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months)
what is dysthymia
persistent depressive disorder
define persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be free of symptoms for more than 2 months at a time.
what are the 3 types of persistent depressive disorder
Mild depressive symptoms without any major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome)
Mild depressive symptoms with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently
Major depressive episode lasting 2 or more years
define disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
condition in which a child has chronic negative moods without any accompanying mania
what is the defining feature of bipolar disorders
occurrence of mania/hypomania, with a tendency to recur and alternate/ cycle with depressive episodes
what is Bipolar 1 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and full manic episodes
what is Bipolar 2 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
what is cyclothymic disorder
a milder form of bipolar where there are alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods
define learned helplessness
people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives
what are the 3 features of the depressive attribution style
ISG
Internal
Stable
Global
what are the 2 cognitive errors associated with depression
Arbitrary inference
Overgeneralization
what are the 3 areas of the depressive cognitive triad
Thinking negatively about oneself
Thinking negatively about the world
Thinking negatively about the future
what are the 4 risk factors of suicide
FENS
Family history
Existing psychological disorders and other psychological risk factors
Neurobiology
Stressful life events
