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3rd Year > SLK 310 Sem test 2 > Flashcards

SLK 310 Sem test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define clinical assessment

A

the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder

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2
Q

what 2 components does the diagnostic process rely on in order to reach a diagnostic conclusion

A

1- securing symptoms and signs and interpreting adjunctive sources of info
2- knowledge of normal functioning and behaviour and their pathological counterparts.

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3
Q

what are the 4 purposes of a clinical assessment
PUTE

A

predicting behaviour
understanding the individual
treatment planning
evaluating outcomes

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4
Q

what is the hypothetico deductive method

A

the clinician will form a hypothesis about the problem right from the outset.

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5
Q

what are the 6 types of diagnoses
PPPSDF

A

Pathognomonic diagnosis
Phenomenological/experiential diagnosis
Pathogenic and aetiological diagnosis
Syndromal diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Functional diagnosis

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6
Q

what is a pathognomonic diagnosis

A

there is one symptom/sign or a set of symptoms/signs that uniquely define a condition

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7
Q

what is a phenomenological diagnosis

A

solely reliant on clinical info. it is made if only observed and reported info is available

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8
Q

what is a pathogenic and aetiological diagnosis

A

where the pathological process and cause are unknown

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9
Q

what is syndromal diagnosis

A

enough phenomena can be observed to recognise clustering and more is known about the presentation.

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10
Q

what is differential diagnosis

A

there are many possible explanations to account for the presentation.

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11
Q

what is functional diagnosis

A

it allows us to consider the functional implications of a condition.

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12
Q

what are the 3 key concepts in assessment and diagnosis
RVS

A

reliability
validity
standardisation

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13
Q

define reliability

A

the degree to which a measurement is consistent

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14
Q

define validity

A

whether something measures what it is designed to measure

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15
Q

what are the 4 types of validity
CCPF

A

Concurrent/descriptive validity
Construct validity
Predictive validity
Face validity

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16
Q

define standardisation

A

when a certain set of standards is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements

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17
Q

what are the 3 legs of the clinical encounter
HMB

A

History
Mental state examination
Behavioural observations

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18
Q

what are the 4 domains that the clinical enounter assesses
CAPD

A

current and past behaviour
attitudes and emotions
presenting problem
detailed history

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19
Q

what are the 6 elements of a clinical history
PPMISH

A

Primary complaint
Psychosocial adaptation and functioning
Medical history
Identifying and demographic info
Systematic enquiry
Habits

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20
Q

what is the mental state examination

A

the systematic observation of a person’s state of consciousness, cognitive ability, feelings and emotions, and behaviour

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21
Q

what 5 domains are considered when using a systematic approach to describing a mental state
GCMRB

A

General Appearance
Cognition
Mood and affect
Reality testing and organisation
behaviour

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22
Q

what are the 13 components of a physical examination
RREE PONG CAM DV

A

Respiratory
Rectal examination
Ear, nose and throat
Eyes
Pelvic, urological and gynaecological
Oral cavity and teeth
Neurological
General observations
Cardiovascular
Abdominal
Musculoskeletal
Dermatological
Vital signs

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23
Q

what are the ABCs of observation

A

antecedents
behaviours of interest
consequences

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24
Q

what is the brief psychiatric rating scale

A

it assesses 18 general areas of concern for behaviour. each symptom is rated on a 7 point scale

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25
what 3 responses are determined using the tools of psychological testing
Cognitive Emotional Behavioural
26
what are the 2 most used projective tests
rorschach inkblot test thematic apperception test
27
what are the strengths of projective testing
useful as an icebreaker a way to gather qualitative data
28
what are the weaknesses of projective testing
hard to standardise reliability and validity data tend to be mixed
29
what are the 3 kinds of psychological tests
projective testing personality inventories intelligence testing
30
define personality inventories
self-report questionnaires that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to them
31
what does MMPI stand for
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
32
what is the MMPI
an objective personality test that is based on an empirical approach. the collection and evaluation of data and give us a sense of the personality features and traits of the individual
33
what are the 3 neuropsychological tests that assess neural damage and cognitive dysfunction
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery Bender Visual-motor gestalt test
34
what are the 3 problems with neuropsychological tests
False positives False negatives Require hours to administer
35
what are the 2 categories of neuroimaging
structural and functional
36
what is structural neuroimaging
includes procedures that show the structure of the brain (size of various parts and the presence of lesions)
37
what are the 2 processes involved in structural neuroimaging
CAT/CT scans and MRI scans
38
what is a CAT scan and what does it stand for
Computerised Axial Tomography It employs multiple x-ray views, focused at different planes and re-assembled using complicated mathematical algorithms
39
what is an MRI and what does it stand for
Magnetic Resonance imaging uses nuclear magnetic resonance in which a hydrogen ion changes its rotation and orientation when subjected to a magnetic field
40
what is functional neuroimaging
neural functioning is indirectly analyzed by mapping
41
what are the 3 processes involved in functional neuroimaging
PET scans SPECT scans FMRI scans
42
What does PET stand for
Positron Emission Tomography
43
what does SPECT stand for
Single photon emission computed tomography
44
what does FMRI stand for
Functional Magnetic resonance imaging
45
define psychophysiological assessment
it is a measurement of changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events
46
define taxonomy
classification in a scientific context
47
define nosology
Taxonomy in a psychological/medical phenomena
48
define nomenclature
labels in a nosological system
49
what are the 3 main sections of the DSM 5
1- introduces the manual and describes how to use it 2- presents the disorders themselves 3- descriptions of disorders/conditions that need further research before they can qualify as official diagnoses
50
which area of the brain is most commonly associated with anxiety
the limbic system
51
what are the 2 pharmacological treatments for Generalized anxiety disorder
Benzodiazepines Antidepressants
52
what are the 2 psychological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder
Cognitive behavioural therapy Meditation
53
define interoceptive avoidance
when one removes oneself from situations/activities that might produce the physiological arousal that somehow resembles the beginnings of a panic attack
54
what is panic control treatment (PCT)
patients with panic disorder are exposed to the cluster of physical sensations that remind them of their panic attacks
55
what are the 4 main kinds of specific phobias BANS
Blood-Injection-Injury phobia Animal phobia Natural Environment phobia Situational phobia
56
what are the 4 causes of specific phobias VIPD
Vicarious experience Information transmission Prepared Direct experience
57
define graduated and structured exposure
systematic progression through hierarchy of feared situations related to phobia
58
what are the 3 pathways to social anxiety disorder
Biological vulnerability Stress Social trauma
59
which diagnostic label was introduced to account for symptoms in the immediate aftermath of severe trauma when PTSD cannot yet be diagnosed
Acute stress disorder
60
define catharsis
reliving trauma in psychoanalytic therapy to relieve emotional suffering
61
what are the 4 major types of obsessions with regard to OCD SFCH
Symmetry/exactness Forbidden thoughts or actions Cleaning/contamination Hoarding
62
what is the most effective psychological approach to OCD
Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP)
63
what is exposure and ritual prevention treatment for OCD
rituals are actively prevented, and the patient is systematically and gradually exposed to the feared thoughts or situations
64
what are the 5 basic somatic symptom and related disorders SPIFC
Somatic symptom disorder Psychological factors affecting medical condition Illness anxiety disorder Factitious disorder Conversion disorder
65
what is somatic symptom disorder
a person's belief that they are suffering or will develop a serious illness/disease based on the misinterpretation of symptoms. this causes anxiety and panic
66
what 3 additional factors may contribute to illness anxiety disorder SIB
Stressful life events Illness in family during childhood Benefits of illness
67
what are the 5 links between somatic symptom disorder and antisocial personality disorder VIPTO
Vandalism Irresponsibility with finances and at work Persistent lying Theft Out right physical aggression
68
what are the 4 shared features of antisocial personality disorder and somatic symptom disorder BMCL
Both begin early in life More common in lower socioeconomic groups Chronic and difficult to treat Linked to marital discord, substance abuse and interpersonal problems
69
what are the 3 treatments for somatic symptom disorders
Psychoeducation Psychotherapy Biological treatments
70
what are the 4 faculties of influence regarding conversion disorder symptoms MMPS
Motor symptoms Mixed Symptoms Pseudo-seizure Sensory symptoms
71
factitious disorder seems particularly common among people who... RCH
Received extensive medical treatment as children Carry a grudge against the medical profession Have worked in medical related fields where substantial knowledge of illnesses may have been gained
72
define depersonalisation
altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality.
73
define derealisation
an individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world
74
define depersonalisation-derealisation disorder
dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonalisation are so severe they dominate the client's life and prevent normal functioning
75
define dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal info, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature
76
what is the diathesis-stress model
only with the appropriate vulnerabilities will someone react to stress with pathological dissociation
77
define anhedonia
a general loss of interest in things and an inability to experience any pleasure from life
78
define major depressive disorder
a mood disorder involving one or more major depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months)
79
what is dysthymia
persistent depressive disorder
80
define persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be free of symptoms for more than 2 months at a time.
81
what are the 3 types of persistent depressive disorder
Mild depressive symptoms without any major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome) Mild depressive symptoms with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently Major depressive episode lasting 2 or more years
82
define disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
condition in which a child has chronic negative moods without any accompanying mania
83
what is the defining feature of bipolar disorders
occurrence of mania/hypomania, with a tendency to recur and alternate/ cycle with depressive episodes
84
what is Bipolar 1 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and full manic episodes
85
what is Bipolar 2 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
86
what is cyclothymic disorder
a milder form of bipolar where there are alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods
87
define learned helplessness
people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives
88
what are the 3 features of the depressive attribution style ISG
Internal Stable Global
89
what are the 2 cognitive errors associated with depression
Arbitrary inference Overgeneralization
90
what are the 3 areas of the depressive cognitive triad
Thinking negatively about oneself Thinking negatively about the world Thinking negatively about the future
91
what are the 4 risk factors of suicide FENS
Family history Existing psychological disorders and other psychological risk factors Neurobiology Stressful life events

3rd Year (12 decks)

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