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3rd Year > KRM 310 Sem test 1 > Flashcards

KRM 310 Sem test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term “abstract” mean in relation to theories

A

they consist of statements generally dissociated from any material objects, specific circumstances, facts or observations

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2
Q

what are detractors

A

describe the theory as lacking concreteness

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3
Q

where does the complexity of theories lie

A

in their assumptions and assertations

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4
Q

define determinism

A

the assumption that people have free will to choose alternative life paths

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of asserations
THPV

A

Theoretical
Hypotheses
Propositions
Verifiable propositions

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6
Q

what is a theoretical asseration

A

a testable relationship

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7
Q

what is the hypotheses asseration

A

a relationship that is still to be verified, the research is less compelling

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8
Q

what is the propositions assertation

A

Statements about relationship

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9
Q

what is the verifiable propositions asserations

A

proven laws

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10
Q

define theory-testing studies

A

when a theory is the starting point for deductive research

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11
Q

define theory-building studies

A

when a theory is the ending point for inductive research

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12
Q

how do deductive researchers work

A

they base their work on past theorising that leads to research questions or testable hypotheses

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13
Q

how to inductive researchers work

A

they allow the data to speak for itself, providing findings that may emerge as a theory

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14
Q

what are the 2 modes of observation that researchers may adopt (they only adopt one)

A

qualitative data (subjective phenomena that can’t be measured) or quantitative data (numeric and objective)

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15
Q

what are the 4 goals of crime theories
DEPC

A

description
explanation
prediction
control

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16
Q

define correlation

A

a tie between 2 variable measures of events. a change in one results in a change in the other

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17
Q

define causation

A

anything that produces an effect and meets 3 criteria

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18
Q

what are the 3 criteria for causation
TPA

A

time-order sequencing
presence of a correlation
Absence of a spurious link between the alleged cause and effect

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19
Q

define symbolic interactionism

A

the perception of reality determines the outcome

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20
Q

what are the 2 kinds of theories

A

metatheories and unit theories

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20
Q

what are metatheories

A

rarely testable and are best viewed as ways of looking at and interpreting reality. theories about theories

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21
Q

what are unit theories

A

emphasize a particular problem and make testable assertions about that problem.

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22
Q

what are the 3 levels of abstraction

A

Macrotheories
microtheories
bridging theories

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23
Q

what are macro theories

A

broad in scope and best characterised as those that explain social structure and its effects

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24
Q

what are the 4 features of macro theories
PFSF

A

Paint a picture of how the world works
Fit the structure of society into that picture
Suggest how crime is related to that structure
Focus on rates of crime rather than on criminals and their behaviour

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25
Q

what are microtheories

A

based on the assumption that a particular way of characterizing society is best, that characterization is then used directly to explain how people become criminals

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26
Q

what are the 2 features of microtheories

A

focuses on specific groups of people or individuals
tells us how people become criminals

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27
Q

what are bridging theories

A

attempt to tell us both how social structure comes about and how people become criminals.
both epidemiology (rates of crime) and etiology (how people become criminals)

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28
Q

what do classical theories focus on?

A

legal statutes, governmental structures and the rights of humans

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29
Q

what do positivist theories focus on?

A

pathology in criminal behaviour, treatment, and on the correction of criminality within individuals

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29
Q

what are the 3 common classification schemes?

A

classical vs positive
structure vs process
consensus vs conflict

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30
Q

what do structural theories focus on?

A

the way society is structured, the effects of which could promote offending behaviour

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31
Q

what do process theories focus on?

A

how people become criminal

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32
Q

what do consensus theories focus on?

A

people in society agree on what is wrong behaviour

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33
Q

what do conflict theories focus on?

A

people disagree and hold conflicting values.

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34
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of a good theory?
PPPPTELFIS

A

Parsimony
Plausible
Predictability
Policy implications
Testability
Empirical validity
Logical consistency
Falsifiability
Integration potential
Scope

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35
Q

what concept did Cesare Beccaria propose

A

a social contract between individuals and society, emphasizing the importance of free will and consent.

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36
Q

what 3 crimes did beccaria believe deserve punishment

A

crimes threatening state security
crimes harming citizens or their property
crimes that disrupt social order

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37
Q

what are the 5 key ideas of Jeremy Bentham’s contribution to the classical school of criminology
PPHUI

A

Punishment should be sufficient to deter individuals from committing crime
Punishment must be swift and certain
Hedonistic calculus
Utilitarianism
Individuals are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

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38
Q

what are the 6 primary tenets of the classical school of criminology
PPPPTF

A

People seek pleasure and avoid pain
Punishment should be used as a deterrent to criminal behaviour
Punishment should be based upon the seriousness of the crime
Punishment for identical crimes should be identical
The social contract
Free will

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39
Q

what is the deterrence theory

A

the application of punishment to modify behaviour or prevent misconduct

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40
Q

what is general deterrence

A

punishing an offender to make others aware of the potential consequences, deterring them from similar acts

41
Q

what is specific deterrence

A

offenders realize that the benefits of their actions are outweighed by the punishment incurred

42
Q

what are the 3 factors that make deterrence effective

A

punishment must be…
Severe enough
swift
certain

43
Q

define the rational choice approach

A

offenders decide to break the law after weighing personal factors and situational factors

44
Q

what 4 things do offenders assess before committing a crime (decision making process)
SPIR

A

Severity of expected punishment
Potential value of the criminal endeavour
Immediate need for criminal gain
Risk of apprehension

45
Q

what are the 2 factors that may influence someone to avoid crime

A

Increased risk of apprehension
Perception of diminished economic benefits

46
Q

define shared ambitions

A

Criminals often pursue goals similar to law-abiding citizens but opt for illegal means to achieve them

47
Q

define conventional values

A

Many offenders still value success, material gain, and hard work, just like mainstream society

48
Q

define offense specific crime

A

offenders selectively react to the characteristics of specific offences

49
Q

define offender specific crime

A

criminals are not indiscriminate; they weigh their own capabilities, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit a crime.

50
Q

what is the difference between crime and criminality

A

crime= an event
criminality= personal trait

51
Q

what are the 3 factors to structuring criminality

A

Economic opportunity
Learning and experience
Knowledge of criminal techniques

52
Q

what are the 3 factors to structuring crime

A

Choosing the type of crime
Choosing the time and place of crime
Choosing the target of crime

53
Q

define absolute deterrence

A

individuals refrain from all criminal behaviour, whether related to prior offences or not, after recognising potential losses or errors in their conduct

54
Q

define restrictive deterrence

A

Offenders modify their criminal behaviour rather than completely abandoning it after experiencing punishment

55
Q

what is criminal motivation and supply

A

assumes a constant supply of individuals ready to engage in predatory crime

56
Q

what is coincidence of factors

A

crime occurs when 3 elements coincide- a motivated offender, a suitable target and absence of a capable guardian

57
Q

what are the 4 dimensions of target suitability
PAGE

A

Proximity
Attractiveness
Guardianship
Exposure

58
Q

what is the relationship between biology and the environment with regard to the role of testosterone

A

biology sets the capacity for testosterone production and the environment influences the way it is expressed

59
Q

what are the 3 main effects of testosterone on the brain that may contribute to criminal behaviour
CII

A

Controlling reticular arousability
Impacting the limbic system
Influencing the domination of a particular brain hemisphere

60
Q

which 3 neurotransmitters are involved in signal transmission between neurons in the brain

A

Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine

61
Q

what does serotonin do

A

it is an inhibitor of aggression and a facilitator of pain

62
Q

what do dopamine and norepinephrine do

A

they encourage aggression

63
Q

what are the 7 biological perspectives on criminality
TABNNCC

A

Testosterone
Adrenaline
Brain dysfunction
Neurotransmitters
Nutritionally-induced biochemical imbalances
Central nervous system
Cerebral dysfunction

64
Q

how do psychological and psychiatric theories aim to explain criminal behaviour

A

through the personality attributes of the offender, whilst also considering biological and environmental factors

65
Q

what are the 3 main areas that psychological theories are categorized into?

A

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic
behavioural
cognitive

66
Q

what do psychodynamic theories propose to do with regard to criminology

A

delve into the unconscious behaviours believed to contribute to criminal behaviour

67
Q

what do behavioural theories propose to do with regard to criminology

A

focus on the learning processes that lead individuals to engage in criminal behaviour

68
Q

what do cognitive theories propose to do with regard to criminology

A

examine how thought processes influence behaviour

69
Q

what are the 3 levels of the mind according to sigmund freud

A

conscious
preconscious
subconscious

70
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A

a technique developed by Freud to uncover unconscious events

71
Q

what are the 3 components of that the conscious and unconscious are categorized into?

A

ID
Ego
Superego

72
Q

what are the 5 stages of childhood development according to Freud

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

73
Q

what does Freudian psychology attribute criminal behaviour to

A

Disturbances in the ego or superego

74
Q

what is the nature of behavioural psychology

A

human behaviour is shaped by learning experiences and interactions with the environemnt

75
Q

how can behavioural psychology be applied to criminal behaviour

A

the behavioural theory suggests that criminal behaviour can be learned through associations with certain acts (behavioural psychology involves both operant and classical conditioning)

76
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

behaviour is learned through a process of behaviour modelling or imitation. people mimic the behaviours of others.

77
Q

what is the cognitive theory

A

focuses on mental processes and explores how individuals perceive and mentally interpret the world around them

78
Q

what is the moral and intellectual development theory

A

they are included in the cognitive theory and used to explain criminal behaviour

79
Q

what are the 6 stages of moral development
OMDMBA

A

Right is…
Obedience to authority and avoiding punishment
Meeting one’s own needs whilst respecting the needs of others
Defined by motives, concern for others and empathy
Maintaining societal rules and serving the welfare group
Based on individual rights within a society and agreed-upon rules
Adherence to universal principles of justice, equality and respect for humanity

80
Q

define cognitive scripts

A

mental representations of past behaviours and experiences that guide future actions

81
Q

what is the cognitive scripts model

A

suggests that individuals apply cognitive scripts developed from past experiences to navigate new situations

82
Q

what is the hostile attribution model

A

suggests that previous influence on mental development leads some individuals to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile

83
Q

what is the expectancy theory

A

emphasizes the importance of individuals’ expectations about the consequences of their behaviours, including the reinforcement they will gain from them.

84
Q

what is frustration induced criminality

A

a cognitive model that explains behaviours that deviate from previous patterns. occurs when individuals or groups so not receive expected rewards for their behaviours

85
Q

what are situational instigators

A

cognitive theories that highlight the influence of situational factors on behaviour, suggesting that circumstances can override previously developed prohibitions or norms.

86
Q

what is psychometry

A

a branch of psychology that seeks to identify psychological or mental differences between criminals and law-abiding individuals. it involves the measurement of psychological attributes or traits.

87
Q

what are the 3 categories of psychopaths

A

primary
secondary/neurotic
dyssocial

88
Q

what are the 10 personality disorders
AASSBONDHP

A

Anti-social
Avoidant
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Borderline
Obsessive-compulsive
Narcissistic
Dependent
Histrionic
Paranoid

89
Q

Define ecology

A

the study of the relationship between an organism and its environment

90
Q

what ar the 5 zones according to the concentric zone model

A

Zone I- CBD with very few residents and commercial dominance
Zone II- Transitional zone with run down housing and factories, poor residents live here
Zone III- Working-class area with single-family tenements
Zone IV- Residential zone with single-family homes, gardens, and garages
Commuter Zone- Suburbs beyond Suburb IV

90
Q

what 3 maps did Shaw and McKay use to study male deliquency rates in Chicago

A

Spot maps
Zone maps
Rate maps

91
Q

What was the Chicago Area Project (CAP)

A

Shaw and McKay developed a delinquency prevention programme in 3 high-delinquency areas of Chicago

92
Q

what is the systemic model of crime proposed by Bursik and Grasmick

A

it extends the classical social disorganisation theory by emphasizing the role of social controls within neighbourhood networks in influencing criminal activity

93
Q

what 3 types of social controls does the systemic model of crime use to unpack the mechanisms by which neighbourhood conditions affect crime levels

A

Private control
Parochial control
Public control

94
Q

what does Private control rely on

A

friendship and kinship ties

95
Q

what does parochial control involve

A

neighbourhood supervision and monitoring by neighbours

96
Q

what does public control entail

A

the application of external resources, typically by government and law enforcement agencies

97
Q

what is collective efficacy

A

the linkage of social cohesion with shared expectations among neighbours to intervene for the common good. relies on a basic level of trust among neighbours and incorporates purposeful action.

98
Q

what does the cultural attenuation hypothesis suggest

A

that weak cultural commitments in high crime areas compromise informal social control

99
Q

what 5 focal concerns did Miller identify characterize lower-class subculture
TTFES

A

Trouble
Toughness
Fate
Excitement
Smartness

100
Q

what does the subculture of violence theory suggest

A

that high levels of violence among urban youth stem from a culture that approves and expects physical aggression as a response to conflict

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