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SLK 310 Sem test 1 Flashcards

Abnormal child psychology

1
Q

what are the 4 questions that research studies in abnormal child psychology use to address issues
DIPD

A

DEFINING what is normal vs abnormal behaviour
IDENTIFYING causes of abnormal behaviour
PREDICTING long-term outcomes
DEVELOPING & EVALUATING methods of treatment &/or prevention

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2
Q

what are the 3 important features that distinguish most adolescent disorders
*

A

Children don’t refer themselves for treatment
Failure to show expected developmental progress
Many problem behaviours are not entirely abnormal

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3
Q

Define psychological disorder
PB3

A

a pattern of behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual, where such a pattern is associated with one or more of the 3 prominent features

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4
Q

what are the 3 prominent features that characterise a psychological disorder
DDR

A

the person shows some degree of DISTRESS
behaviour indicates some degree of DISABILITY
such distress and disability increase the RISK of further suffering/harm

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5
Q

what are the 3 age periods of developmental tasks

A

infancy to preschool
middle childhood
adolescence

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6
Q

what are the 3 developmental tasks of the age group infancy to preschool

A

attachment to caregivers
language
differentiation of self from environment

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7
Q

what are the 4 developmental tasks of the age group middle childhood

A

self-control and compliance
school adjustment
getting along with peers
rule-governed conduct

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8
Q

what are the 4 developmental tasks of the age group adolescence

A

successful transition to secondary schooling
involvement in extracurricular activities
forming close friendships within and across genders
forming a cohesive sense of self identity

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9
Q

define developmental pathways

A

the sequence and timing of particular behaviours as well as the relationships between behaviours over time

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of developmental pathways

A

multifinality and equifinality

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11
Q

what is the multifinality development pathway

A

similar early experiences lead to different outcomes

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12
Q

what is the equifinality development pathway

A

different factors lead to a similar outcome

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13
Q

define risk factor

A

a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest

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14
Q

define protective factor

A

a personal or situational variable that mitigates a child developing a disorder

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15
Q

what are the 4 possible causes of a childs behaviour
BBEF

A

Biological influences
Behavioural and cognitive influences
Emotional influences
Family, cultural, and ethnic influences

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16
Q

define etiology

A

the study of the causes of childhood disorders

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17
Q

what are the 4 assumptions derived from a developmental psychopathology perspective
*

A

Abnormal development is multiply determined
Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
Child and environment are interdependent
Changes, typical and atypical

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18
Q

define continuity

A

developmental changes are gradual and quantitative (can be measured numerically) and future behaviour patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns

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19
Q

define discontinuity

A

developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative (cant be measured numerically) and future behaviour is poorly predicted by earlier patterns

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20
Q

define adaptational failure

A

the failure to master or progress in achieving developmental milestones

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21
Q

what are the 3 psychological perspectives of psychopathology

A

Emotional influences
Behavioural and cognitive influences
Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)

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22
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of emotional processes

A

emotion reactivity
emotion regulation

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23
Q

define emotion reactivity

A

individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience, which provides clues to an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment

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24
Q

define emotion regulation

A

involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal, which is usually done for a specific purpose

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25
what are the 3 primary dimensions of temperament that are linked to normal/abnormal child development
Positive affect and approach Fearful or inhibited Negative affect or irritability
26
what does ABA stand for
applied behavioural analysis
27
what 4 primary operant learning principles is ABA based on
Positive and negative reinforcement (increases target response) extinction and punishment (decreases a response)
28
define shared environment
environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family
29
define nonshared environment
environmental factors that produce behavioural differences among siblings
30
what is the focus of a clinical assessment
To obtain a detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity
31
what is idiographic case formulation
the study of an individual using qualitative methods
32
what three things must one be sensitive about when assessing children and families AGC
Age Gender Culture
33
what are the 2 purposes of assessment
description & diagnosis prognosis & treatment planning
34
what are the 3 most important things to include in your clinical description?
describing the... Intensity, frequency, and severity of their problem The age at onset and duration of their difficulties A full picture of their different symptoms
35
Define prognosis
the formulation of predictions about future behaviour under specified conditions
36
what 5 things must be obtained from a family interview FISTD
Frequency, duration, impact on functioning Interests and hobbies School history Trauma and unusual experiences Developmental history
37
what are the 6 key features of a child interview PIMS CD
'Presence' in interview Interaction patterns Must be age-appropriate structured to unstructured Clinician's experience of the child Developmental level
38
define antecedents
the events that immediately precede a behavior
39
what are the ABCs of framing behaviour
Antecedents (before) Behaviours of interest (during) Consequences (after)
40
what is the goal of functional analysis
to identify as many factors as possible that could be contributing to a child's problem behaviours and to develop hypotheses for the factors that are most important/easily changed
41
what does CBCL stand for
Child behaviour checklist
42
define screening
identifying children at risk, who are then referred for a more thorough evaluation
43
which test assesses the child developmental capacities of children aged 0-6y/o
Griffiths scale of child development
44
what are the 2 intelligence tests in south africa along with their age ranges
junior south african individual scale (0-6 y/o) senior ^ (7-16 y/o)
45
define projective testing
the child is presented with ambiguous stimuli and the child is asked to describe what they see
46
what are the 3 projective tests
Rorschach inkblot test Thematic apperception test Draw a person
47
what are the big 5 of the central dimensions of personality TTRAD
Timid or bold Tense or relaxed Reflective or unreflective Agreeable or unagreeable Dependable or undependable
48
what are the 2 types of classification
categorical and dimensional
49
what is categorical classification based on
the assumption that every diagnosis has a clear, underlying cause
50
what is dimensional classification based on
the assumption that many independent dimensions of behaviour exist and that all children possess them to varying degrees
51
what is the category of intellectual disability, autism, ADHD, learning and communication disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders
52
during the differential diagnosis process, what happens if more than 1 disorder meets the full criteria for diagnosis
one disorder will be designated the primary diagnosis and the other will be designated the comorbid diagnosis
53
what are the 4 specifiers in the DSM-5 SSCC
Subtypes Severity Course Co-occurring conditions
54
what are the 3 aspects of intervention, and describe them PTM
PREVENTION- decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur TREATMENT- corrective actions that will permit successful adaptation by eliminating/reducing the impact of an undesired problem that has already occurred MAINTENANCE- increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse/recurrence of a problem
55
what are the 3 requirements for a child's treatment plan ACC
attend to a presenting problem consider specific cultural practices of the family careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group
56
what are the 7 general approaches to treatent CCCCFPB
Cognitive treatments Cognitive-behavioural treatments Client-centred treatments Combined treatments Family treatments Psychodynamic treatments Behavioural treatments
57
what is the stanford-binet scale
children are asked to manipulate unfamiliar objects to solve puzzles
58
what 3 things to Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests assess
Verbal skills Visual-spatial skills Mathematical skills
59
Define adaptive functioning
how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently and abiding by community standards
60
what are the 3 major categories of adaptive behaviour
Conceptual skills Social skills Practical skills
61
Define neurodevelopmental disorder
occurs in the developmental period, causes impairment in social, personal, academic, or occupational functioning `
62
what are the 3 diagnostic criteria for intellectual developmental disorder
deficits in intellectual functions deficits in adaptive functioning onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental periods
63
what are the 4 levels of impairment when diagnosing intellectual disability
mild moderate severe profound
64
what is the most common cause of intellectual disability
chromosome abnormalities
65
which 2 hypotheses apply to the developmental position
similar sequence hypothesis similar structure hypothesis
66
what does the similar sequence hypothesis argue
all children pass through sages of cognitive development in an identical order, they only differ in their rate and upper limit of development
67
what does the similar structure hypothesis argue
children with intellectual disability demonstrate the same behaviours and underlying processes as typically developing children at the same level of cognitive functioning
68
what does the difference viewpoint argue
cognitive development of children with ID differs from that of children without ID in more developmental rate than upper limit.
69
what are the distinct groups of the causes of intellectual disabilities
an organic group the cultural-familial group
70
what are the 4 major categories of risk factors that contribute to intellectual disabilities BSBE
Biomedical Social Behavioural Educational
71
Define autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
characterized by significant and persistent deficits of social interaction and communication skills and by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests and behaviours
72
what are the 2 primary symptom domains of ASD
social communication and interaction restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
73
what are the 4 core deficits of ASD SSQR
Social interaction Social communication Qualitative language impairments Restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests
74
what are the 2 associated characteristics of ASD
Intellectual deficits and strengths Cognitive and motivational deficits
75
what are the 2 types of cognitive limitations proposed to underlie ASD
Specific cognitive deficits in processing social-emotional info More general cognitive deficits in info processing, planning and attention
76
what are the 5 goals for treatment of ASD TTPED
Teaching appropriate social behaviour Teaching adaptive skills Promoting cognitive skills Engaging children in treatment Decreasing disruptive behaviours
77
which 2 readiness skills are taught during the initial treatment of ASD
Discrete trial training Incidental training
78
what 3 procedures are effective in eliminating disruptive behviour
Rewarding competing behaviours Ignoring the behaviour Mild forms of punishment
79
what are the 2 approaches to teaching children with ASD appropriate communication skills
Operant speech training Pictures exchange communication system
80
what are the 3 goals of intervention for ASD MMH
Minimize core problems of ASD Maximise independence and quality of life Help child and family cope effectively with the problems
81
what are the 4 ways that parents can be helped with coming to terms with the ASD diagnosis of their child KSTP
Knowledge and psychoeducation Support groups Training on how to specifically work with their child Pictures exchange communication system (PECS) training
82
what are the 8 most effective interventions for children with ASD EPILOG HF
Early Peer interactions Intensive Low student-teacher ratio Ongoing assessment Generalization High structure Family Inclusion
83
What are the 3 symptom types in the social and communication category that are required to diagnose ASD D…SND
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity Deficits in nonverbal communication behaviors used for social interaction Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
84
What 4 symptoms are specified in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors category regarding ASD and how many are required for diagnosis SIRH
2 are needed for diagnosis… Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech Insistence of sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or non-verbal behavior Restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus Hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
85
What are the 3 severity ratings for each domain of ASD
1- Requiring support 2- Requiring substantial support 3- Requiring very substantial support

3rd Year (12 decks)

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