SLK 310 Sem test 1 Flashcards
Abnormal child psychology
what are the 4 questions that research studies in abnormal child psychology use to address issues
DIPD
DEFINING what is normal vs abnormal behaviour
IDENTIFYING causes of abnormal behaviour
PREDICTING long-term outcomes
DEVELOPING & EVALUATING methods of treatment &/or prevention
what are the 3 important features that distinguish most adolescent disorders
*
Children don’t refer themselves for treatment
Failure to show expected developmental progress
Many problem behaviours are not entirely abnormal
Define psychological disorder
PB3
a pattern of behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual, where such a pattern is associated with one or more of the 3 prominent features
what are the 3 prominent features that characterise a psychological disorder
DDR
the person shows some degree of DISTRESS
behaviour indicates some degree of DISABILITY
such distress and disability increase the RISK of further suffering/harm
what are the 3 age periods of developmental tasks
infancy to preschool
middle childhood
adolescence
what are the 3 developmental tasks of the age group infancy to preschool
attachment to caregivers
language
differentiation of self from environment
what are the 4 developmental tasks of the age group middle childhood
self-control and compliance
school adjustment
getting along with peers
rule-governed conduct
what are the 4 developmental tasks of the age group adolescence
successful transition to secondary schooling
involvement in extracurricular activities
forming close friendships within and across genders
forming a cohesive sense of self identity
define developmental pathways
the sequence and timing of particular behaviours as well as the relationships between behaviours over time
what are the 2 types of developmental pathways
multifinality and equifinality
what is the multifinality development pathway
similar early experiences lead to different outcomes
what is the equifinality development pathway
different factors lead to a similar outcome
define risk factor
a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest
define protective factor
a personal or situational variable that mitigates a child developing a disorder
what are the 4 possible causes of a childs behaviour
BBEF
Biological influences
Behavioural and cognitive influences
Emotional influences
Family, cultural, and ethnic influences
define etiology
the study of the causes of childhood disorders
what are the 4 assumptions derived from a developmental psychopathology perspective
*
Abnormal development is multiply determined
Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
Child and environment are interdependent
Changes, typical and atypical
define continuity
developmental changes are gradual and quantitative (can be measured numerically) and future behaviour patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns
define discontinuity
developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative (cant be measured numerically) and future behaviour is poorly predicted by earlier patterns
define adaptational failure
the failure to master or progress in achieving developmental milestones
what are the 3 psychological perspectives of psychopathology
Emotional influences
Behavioural and cognitive influences
Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)
what are the 2 dimensions of emotional processes
emotion reactivity
emotion regulation
define emotion reactivity
individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience, which provides clues to an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment
define emotion regulation
involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal, which is usually done for a specific purpose
what are the 3 primary dimensions of temperament that are linked to normal/abnormal child development
Positive affect and approach
Fearful or inhibited
Negative affect or irritability
what does ABA stand for
applied behavioural analysis
what 4 primary operant learning principles is ABA based on
Positive and negative reinforcement (increases target response)
extinction and punishment (decreases a response)
define shared environment
environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family
define nonshared environment
environmental factors that produce behavioural differences among siblings
what is the focus of a clinical assessment
To obtain a detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity
what is idiographic case formulation
the study of an individual using qualitative methods
what three things must one be sensitive about when assessing children and families
AGC
Age
Gender
Culture
what are the 2 purposes of assessment
description & diagnosis
prognosis & treatment planning
what are the 3 most important things to include in your clinical description?
describing the…
Intensity, frequency, and severity of their problem
The age at onset and duration of their difficulties
A full picture of their different symptoms
Define prognosis
the formulation of predictions about future behaviour under specified conditions
what 5 things must be obtained from a family interview
FISTD
Frequency, duration, impact on functioning
Interests and hobbies
School history
Trauma and unusual experiences
Developmental history
what are the 6 key features of a child interview
PIMS CD
‘Presence’ in interview
Interaction patterns
Must be age-appropriate
structured to unstructured
Clinician’s experience of the child
Developmental level
define antecedents
the events that immediately precede a behavior
what are the ABCs of framing behaviour
Antecedents (before)
Behaviours of interest (during)
Consequences (after)
what is the goal of functional analysis
to identify as many factors as possible that could be contributing to a child’s problem behaviours and to develop hypotheses for the factors that are most important/easily changed
what does CBCL stand for
Child behaviour checklist
define screening
identifying children at risk, who are then referred for a more thorough evaluation
which test assesses the child developmental capacities of children aged 0-6y/o
Griffiths scale of child development
what are the 2 intelligence tests in south africa along with their age ranges
junior south african individual scale (0-6 y/o)
senior ^ (7-16 y/o)
define projective testing
the child is presented with ambiguous stimuli and the child is asked to describe what they see
what are the 3 projective tests
Rorschach inkblot test
Thematic apperception test
Draw a person
what are the big 5 of the central dimensions of personality
TTRAD
Timid or bold
Tense or relaxed
Reflective or unreflective
Agreeable or unagreeable
Dependable or undependable
what are the 2 types of classification
categorical and dimensional
what is categorical classification based on
the assumption that every diagnosis has a clear, underlying cause
what is dimensional classification based on
the assumption that many independent dimensions of behaviour exist and that all children possess them to varying degrees
what is the category of intellectual disability, autism, ADHD, learning and communication disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders
during the differential diagnosis process, what happens if more than 1 disorder meets the full criteria for diagnosis
one disorder will be designated the primary diagnosis and the other will be designated the comorbid diagnosis
what are the 4 specifiers in the DSM-5
SSCC
Subtypes
Severity
Course
Co-occurring conditions
what are the 3 aspects of intervention, and describe them
PTM
PREVENTION- decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur
TREATMENT- corrective actions that will permit successful adaptation by eliminating/reducing the impact of an undesired problem that has already occurred
MAINTENANCE- increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse/recurrence of a problem
what are the 3 requirements for a child’s treatment plan
ACC
attend to a presenting problem
consider specific cultural practices of the family
careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group
what are the 7 general approaches to treatent
CCCCFPB
Cognitive treatments
Cognitive-behavioural treatments
Client-centred treatments
Combined treatments
Family treatments
Psychodynamic treatments
Behavioural treatments
what is the stanford-binet scale
children are asked to manipulate unfamiliar objects to solve puzzles
what 3 things to Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests assess
Verbal skills
Visual-spatial skills
Mathematical skills
Define adaptive functioning
how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently and abiding by community standards
what are the 3 major categories of adaptive behaviour
Conceptual skills
Social skills
Practical skills
Define neurodevelopmental disorder
occurs in the developmental period, causes impairment in social, personal, academic, or occupational functioning `
what are the 3 diagnostic criteria for intellectual developmental disorder
deficits in intellectual functions
deficits in adaptive functioning
onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental periods
what are the 4 levels of impairment when diagnosing intellectual disability
mild
moderate
severe
profound
what is the most common cause of intellectual disability
chromosome abnormalities
which 2 hypotheses apply to the developmental position
similar sequence hypothesis
similar structure hypothesis
what does the similar sequence hypothesis argue
all children pass through sages of cognitive development in an identical order, they only differ in their rate and upper limit of development
what does the similar structure hypothesis argue
children with intellectual disability demonstrate the same behaviours and underlying processes as typically developing children at the same level of cognitive functioning
what does the difference viewpoint argue
cognitive development of children with ID differs from that of children without ID in more developmental rate than upper limit.
what are the distinct groups of the causes of intellectual disabilities
an organic group
the cultural-familial group
what are the 4 major categories of risk factors that contribute to intellectual disabilities
BSBE
Biomedical
Social
Behavioural
Educational
Define autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
characterized by significant and persistent deficits of social interaction and communication skills and by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests and behaviours
what are the 2 primary symptom domains of ASD
social communication and interaction
restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
what are the 4 core deficits of ASD
SSQR
Social interaction
Social communication
Qualitative language impairments
Restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests
what are the 2 associated characteristics of ASD
Intellectual deficits and strengths
Cognitive and motivational deficits
what are the 2 types of cognitive limitations proposed to underlie ASD
Specific cognitive deficits in processing social-emotional info
More general cognitive deficits in info processing, planning and attention
what are the 5 goals for treatment of ASD
TTPED
Teaching appropriate social behaviour
Teaching adaptive skills
Promoting cognitive skills
Engaging children in treatment
Decreasing disruptive behaviours
which 2 readiness skills are taught during the initial treatment of ASD
Discrete trial training
Incidental training
what 3 procedures are effective in eliminating disruptive behviour
Rewarding competing behaviours
Ignoring the behaviour
Mild forms of punishment
what are the 2 approaches to teaching children with ASD appropriate communication skills
Operant speech training
Pictures exchange communication system
what are the 3 goals of intervention for ASD
MMH
Minimize core problems of ASD
Maximise independence and quality of life
Help child and family cope effectively with the problems
what are the 4 ways that parents can be helped with coming to terms with the ASD diagnosis of their child
KSTP
Knowledge and psychoeducation
Support groups
Training on how to specifically work with their child
Pictures exchange communication system (PECS) training
what are the 8 most effective interventions for children with ASD
EPILOG HF
Early
Peer interactions
Intensive
Low student-teacher ratio
Ongoing assessment
Generalization
High structure
Family Inclusion
What are the 3 symptom types in the social and communication category that are required to diagnose ASD
D…SND
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
Deficits in nonverbal communication behaviors used for social interaction
Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
What 4 symptoms are specified in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors category regarding ASD and how many are required for diagnosis
SIRH
2 are needed for diagnosis…
Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech
Insistence of sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or non-verbal behavior
Restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
Hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
What are the 3 severity ratings for each domain of ASD
1- Requiring support
2- Requiring substantial support
3- Requiring very substantial support
