SLK 310 Exam (adult) Flashcards
what is schizophrenia
a type of psychosis characterised by disturbed thought, emotion and behaviour
what are the 5 positive symptoms of schizophrenia
DDCHN
Delusions
Disorganisation
Catatonia
Hallucinations
Neuroscience and hallucinations
what are delusions
fixated false beliefs
what are the 2 feelings associated with delusions
Persecution and grandeur
what are the 4 types of delusions
DDFC
Delusions of reference
Delusional misidentification
Fregoli’s syndrome
Cotard’s syndrome
what is delusional misidentification
the person believes someone they know has been replaced by a double
what is fregoli’s syndrome
the belief that familiar people have changed appearance
what is Cotard’s syndrome
The delusion in which the person believes he is dead
what are the 3 types of hallucination
Formed
Unformed
Tactile
what are formed hallucinations
discernable sounds or visions
what are unformed hallucinations
buzzing noises, flashes and blobs
what are tactile hallucinations
sensations of insects crawling on/under the skin (called formication)
what are hallucinatory feelings in the body called
Coenaesthetic hallucinations
what are auditory hallucinations
Involve the voices of more than one person discussing the patient in a derogatory way (characteristic of schizophrenia)
what are the 6 negative symptoms of schizophrenia
AAAAAA
Avolition/Apathy
Alogia
Affective flattening
Asociality
Anhedonia
Attentional deficits
what is the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia (6)
2CCSNI
2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…
Causes clinically…
Continuous for at least 6 months
Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out
Not attributable…
If there’s a history of autism/communication disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is only made if there are prominent delusions/hallucinations
what are the 5 factors of schizophrenia, of which 2 must be present for a significant portion of time over a month-long period (at least 1,2, or 3 must be present)
DDHNG
Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Negative symptoms
Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
what is the diagnostic criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder (13)
C (ssmmeecwpang)
Clinical picture is dominated by 3/more…
Stupor
Stereotypy
Mutism
Mannerism
Echolalia
Echopraxia
Cataplexy
Waxy flexibility
Posturing
Agitation (not influenced by external stimuli)
Negativism
Grimacing
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder (4)
2ASN
2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…
An episode must last at least 1 month but less than 6 months (diagnosis before recovery=provisional diagnosis)
Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out
Not attributable…
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder (4)
PDMN
Period of illness where a major mood episode is concurrent with criterion A of schizophrenia
Delusions/hallucinations for over 2 weeks in the absence of the major mood episode
Meets criteria for a major mood episode and those symptoms are present majority of the time
Not attributable…
what are the 7 delusional subtypes
JPEGSUM
Jealous
Persecutory
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Somatic
Unspecified type
Mixed type
what is the diagnostic criteria for delusional disorder (5)
PCFIN
Presence of 1/more delusions with a duration of more than a month
Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met
Functioning is not markedly impaired and behaviour is not obviously odd
If manic/major depressive episodes have occurred, they have been brief compared to period of delusions
Not attributable…
what is the diagnostic criteria for brief psychotic disorder (3)
1DN
1 or more (at least 1 is 1,2, or 3)…
Duration at least 1 day but less than 1 month
Not better…
what are the 4 factors of brief psychotic disorder, of which 1 must be present for diagnosis (must be 1,2 or 3)
DDHG
Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour
what are the 2 psychological and social influences for schizophrenia
Stress
Families and relapse
what are the 4 psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia
BASE
Behavioural family therapy
Assertive community treatment models (ACTs)
Social skills
Elaborate token economy
what is the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (6)
EDACNN
Excessive worry/anxiety occurring more days than not for 6 months
Difficult to control the worry
Associated with at least 3 of the following symptoms…
Causes…
Not attributable…
Not better…
what are the 6 symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, of which 3 must be present for diagnosis
REDIMS
Restlessness/feeling on edge
Easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating/blank mind
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance
what is the diagnostic criteria for Panic disorder (4)
RANN
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks are present
At least one of the attacks has been followed by…
Not attributable…
Not better…
what 2 things may follow a panic attack in order to diagnose it (at least 1)
Persistent concern/worry about additional panic attacks and their consequences
Significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attacks
what is agoraphobia
the fear of experiencing a panic attack
what is interoceptive avoidance
Removing oneself from situations or activities that produce feelings of the beginning of a panic attack
what are the 4 types of specific phobias
BANS
Blood-injection-injury
Animal
Natural environment
Situational
what is the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia (7)
FAAOPCN
Fear/anxiety about a specific object or situation
Almost always provokes immediate fear/anxiety
Actively avoided/endured with intense fear/anxiety
Out of proportion to the actual danger posed
Persistent for 6+ months
Causes…
Not better…
what is the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (10)
FIASOPCNNI
Fear/anxiety about 1/more social situations where the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
Individual fears that they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated
Almost always provokes fear/anxiety
Social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety
Out of proportion to the actual threat posed
Persistent for 6+months
Causes clinically…
Not attributable…
Not better…
If another medical condition is present, the fear is clearly unrelated or excessive
what is acute stress disorder
a diagnosis to account for symptoms in the immediate aftermath of severe trauma
What are the 4 types of obsessions/compulsions related to OCD
SFCH
Symmetry/exactness
Forbidden thoughts/actions
Cleaning/contamination
Hoarding
what is the diagnostic criteria for OCD (4)
PONN
Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both as manifested by…
Obsessions/compulsions are time consuming or cause…
Not attributable…
Not better…
what are the 4 manifestations for the presence of obsessions, compulsions or both for OCD
RARB
Recurrent and persistent thoughts/urges that cause anxiety/distress
Attempts to ignore these thoughts/urges
Repetitive behaviours/mental acts that the person feels obligated to perform
Behaviours/mental acts aimed at preventing/reducing distress or preventing dreaded situation
what is the diagnostic criteria for Body Dysmorphic disorder (4)
PACN
Preoccupation with 1 or more deficits/flaws in physical appearance that are not observable/appear slight to others
At some point the individual has performed repetitive behavious/mental acts in response to appearance concerns
Causes…
Not better…
what are the big 5 personality traits
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
what are the defining characteristics of cluster A personality disorders
Odd or eccentric behaviour
what are the defining characteristics of cluster B personality disorders
Dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviour
what are the defining characteristics of cluster C personality disorders
anxious or fearful behaviour
what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster A
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
what are the 4 personality disorders in cluster B
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster C
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
describe people with paranoid personality disorder
Distrustful and suspicious of others without justification
what is the diagnostic criteria for Paranoid PD (2)
DN
Distrust and suspiciousness of others, their motives are interpreted as malicious… (4) SUSPECT
Not better or attributable…
describe people with schizoid personality disorder
detached from social relationships and limited range of emotions (aloof and cold)
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoid PD (2)
DN
Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions… (4)
DISTANT
Not better or attributable…
describe people with schizotypal personality disorder
socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizotypal PD (2)
PN
Pattern of socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric behaviour… (5) PECULIARS
Not better or attributable…
which personality disorder does SUSPECT relate to
Paranoid PD
which personality disorder does DISTANT relate to
Schizoid PD
which personality disorder does PECULIARS relate to
Schizotypal
describe people with antisocial Personality disorder
disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15
what is the diagnostic criteria for antisocial PD (4)
PACN
Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since 15 years old… (3)
At least 18 years old
Conduct disorder onset before 15 years old
Not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia/bipolar
describe people with borderline personality disorder
unstable moods and relationships and a poor self-image
what is the triple vulnerability/diathesis model of anxiety that also applies to borderline personality disorder
A generalized biological vulnerability
A generalized psychological vulnerability
A specific psychological vulnerability
what are the 2 treatments for Borderline PD
Antidepressants and DBT
what does DBT stand for
Dialectical behaviour therapy
describe people with histrionic PD
overdramatic and often seem like they’re acting
Describe people with Narcissistic PD
Grandiose, need for admiration and lack of empathy
which personality disorder does CORRUPT relate to
Antisocial PD
which personality disorder does SUICIDALE relate to
Borderline PD
which personality disorder does PRAISE ME relate to
Histrionic PD
which personality disorder does SPECIALER relate to
Narcissistic
Describe people with Avoidant PD
Hypersensitive, social inhibitions and feelings of inadequacy
describe someone with Dependent PD
needs to be taken care of, submissive, clingy and separation anxiety
Describe people with Obsessive-compulsive PD
Preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control
which personality disorder does CRINGES relate to
Avoidant PD
which personality disorder does RELIANCE relate to
Dependant PD
which personality disorder does LAW FIRMS relate to
Obsessive-compulsive PD
what are the 3 types of ‘episodes’ related to mood disorders
Major depressive episodes
Manic episodes
Hypomanic episodes
what is anhedonia
a general loss of interest in things and an inability to experience any pleasure from life
what is major depressive disorder
a mood disorder involving one or more depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months)
what is the diagnostic criteria for Major depressive disorder (3)
1NN
1 major depressive episode at least
Not better…
Never been a manic/hypomanic episode
what is dysthymia
Persistent depressive disorder
define persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be free of symptoms for more than 2 months at a time
what are the 3 types of persistent depressive disorder
Mild depressive symptoms without any major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome)
Mild depressive symptoms with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently
Major depressive episode lasting 2 or more years
what is the diagnostic criteria for persistent depressive disorder (8)
D2NCNNNC
Depressed mood for 2 years
2 of the following…
Never been without the symptoms for more than 2 months
Criteria for major depressive disorder is continuously present for 2 years
Never been a manic/hypomanic episode and criteria has never been met for cyclothymic disorder
Not better…
Not attributable…
Causes…
what are the 6 diagnostic features of persistent depressive disorder
PILLPF
Poor appetite/overeating
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Low energy/fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration/difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
what is the defining feature of bipolar disorders
occurrence of mania/hypomania, with a tendency to recur and alternate/ cycle with depressive episodes
what is Bipolar 1 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and full manic episodes
what is Bipolar 2 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
what is cyclothymic disorder
a milder form of bipolar where there are alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods
what is the diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa (3)
RFD
Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight
Fear of gaining weight/behaviour that interferes with weight gain
Disturbances in the way in which one’s body is experienced
what are the 2 subtypes of anorexia
Restricting type
Binge eating/purging type
what is the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (5)
RIBSD
Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both…
Inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain
Both A and B occur at least once a week for 3 months
Self-evaluation is heavily influenced by body shape and weight
Does not occur exclusively during an episode of anorexia
what are the 2 characteristics regarding recurrent episodes of binge-eating
Eating a large amount of food discretely
Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
what is the diagnostic criteria for binge-eating disorder (5)
REDON
Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both…
Episodes are associated with… (3)
Distress regarding binge eating behaviours
Occurs at least once a week for 3 months
Not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviour
what are the 5 features of binge-eating episodes of which 3 must be present to diagnose binge-eating disorder
FEEEE
Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or guilt afterwards
Eating more rapidly than normal
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating large amounts when not hungry
Eating alone because of embarrassment of how much one is eating
what are the 2 main treatments for eating disorders
Psychological and pharmacological
what are the 3 additional eating-disorders
Pica
Rumination disorder
ARFID (avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder)
what is transient insomnia
distrubed sleep for a limited time due to illness, injury or stress
what are dyssomnias
problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep
What is the difference between primary and secondary insomnia
primary insomnia is not related to any medical or psychological problems
secondary insomnia is caused by an identifiable medical or psychological condition
what is the diagnostic criteria for Insomnia (8)
CC33ONNC
Complaint of dissatisfactory sleep… (1)
Causes…
3 nights a week
3 months
Occurs despite adequate opportunities for sleep
Not better…
Not attributable…
Coexisting mental and medical conditions don’t adequately explain the insomnia
what are the 3 complaints associated with dissatisfactory sleep
DDE
Difficulty initiating sleep
Difficulty maintaining sleep
Early-morning awakening with inability tofall back to sleep
what is hypersomnolence
excessive sleep that disrupts normal routines
what is sleep apnoea
brief periods during sleep where breathing ceases
what is narcolepsy
a sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks
what is cataplexy
a disorder that typically accompanies narcolepsy where there is a sudden loss of muscle tone
what is the diagnostic criteria for Hypersomnolence (6)
E3CNNC
Excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep…(1)
3 times a week for 3 months
Causes…
Not attributable…
Not better…
Coexisting metal/medical disorders do not adequately explain the hypersomnolence
what are the 3 features associated with excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep
RPD
Recurrent periods of sleep/lapses into sleep within the same day
Prolonged main sleep episode of over 9 hours a day that is non-restorative
Difficulty being fully awake after an abrupt awakening
what is the diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea (4)
E(1&2) or E
Evidence by polysomnograph of at least 5 apnoeas/hypopnoeas per hour of sleep with either of the following…
1- nocturnal breathing disturbances
2- Daytime fatigue/unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunity
Evidence by polysomnography of 15+ obstructive apnoeas/hypopneas per hour regardless of accompanying symptoms
what is central sleep apnoea
brief periods of cessation in respiratory activity during sleep that may be associated with central nervous system disorders (at least 5 per hour)
what is sleep-related hypOventilation
a decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing during sleep
what is the diagnostic criteria for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (3)
PLC
Persistent/recurrent pattern of sleep disruption due to an alteration of the circadian system/misalignment between circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle
Leads to excessive sleepiness/insomnia/both
Causes…
what are the 5 psychological treatments for insomnia
CGGPP
Cognitive
Guided imagery relaxation
Graduated extinction
Paradoxical intention
Progressive relaxation
