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3rd Year > SLK 310 Exam (adult) > Flashcards

SLK 310 Exam (adult) Flashcards

1
Q

what is schizophrenia

A

a type of psychosis characterised by disturbed thought, emotion and behaviour

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2
Q

what are the 5 positive symptoms of schizophrenia
DDCHN

A

Delusions
Disorganisation
Catatonia
Hallucinations
Neuroscience and hallucinations

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3
Q

what are delusions

A

fixated false beliefs

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4
Q

what are the 2 feelings associated with delusions

A

Persecution and grandeur

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of delusions
DDFC

A

Delusions of reference
Delusional misidentification
Fregoli’s syndrome
Cotard’s syndrome

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6
Q

what is delusional misidentification

A

the person believes someone they know has been replaced by a double

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7
Q

what is fregoli’s syndrome

A

the belief that familiar people have changed appearance

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8
Q

what is Cotard’s syndrome

A

The delusion in which the person believes he is dead

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of hallucination

A

Formed
Unformed
Tactile

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10
Q

what are formed hallucinations

A

discernable sounds or visions

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11
Q

what are unformed hallucinations

A

buzzing noises, flashes and blobs

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12
Q

what are tactile hallucinations

A

sensations of insects crawling on/under the skin (called formication)

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13
Q

what are hallucinatory feelings in the body called

A

Coenaesthetic hallucinations

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14
Q

what are auditory hallucinations

A

Involve the voices of more than one person discussing the patient in a derogatory way (characteristic of schizophrenia)

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15
Q

what are the 6 negative symptoms of schizophrenia
AAAAAA

A

Avolition/Apathy
Alogia
Affective flattening
Asociality
Anhedonia
Attentional deficits

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16
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia (6)
2CCSNI

A

2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…

Causes clinically…

Continuous for at least 6 months

Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out

Not attributable…

If there’s a history of autism/communication disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is only made if there are prominent delusions/hallucinations

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17
Q

what are the 5 factors of schizophrenia, of which 2 must be present for a significant portion of time over a month-long period (at least 1,2, or 3 must be present)
DDHNG

A

Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Negative symptoms
Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour

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18
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder (13)
C (ssmmeecwpang)

A

Clinical picture is dominated by 3/more…

Stupor
Stereotypy
Mutism
Mannerism
Echolalia
Echopraxia
Cataplexy
Waxy flexibility
Posturing
Agitation (not influenced by external stimuli)
Negativism
Grimacing

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19
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder (4)
2ASN

A

2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…

An episode must last at least 1 month but less than 6 months (diagnosis before recovery=provisional diagnosis)

Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out

Not attributable…

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20
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder (4)
PDMN

A

Period of illness where a major mood episode is concurrent with criterion A of schizophrenia

Delusions/hallucinations for over 2 weeks in the absence of the major mood episode

Meets criteria for a major mood episode and those symptoms are present majority of the time

Not attributable…

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21
Q

what are the 7 delusional subtypes
JPEGSUM

A

Jealous
Persecutory
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Somatic
Unspecified type
Mixed type

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22
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for delusional disorder (5)
PCFIN

A

Presence of 1/more delusions with a duration of more than a month

Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met

Functioning is not markedly impaired and behaviour is not obviously odd

If manic/major depressive episodes have occurred, they have been brief compared to period of delusions

Not attributable…

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23
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for brief psychotic disorder (3)
1DN

A

1 or more (at least 1 is 1,2, or 3)…

Duration at least 1 day but less than 1 month

Not better…

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24
Q

what are the 4 factors of brief psychotic disorder, of which 1 must be present for diagnosis (must be 1,2 or 3)
DDHG

A

Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour

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25
Q

what are the 2 psychological and social influences for schizophrenia

A

Stress
Families and relapse

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26
Q

what are the 4 psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia
BASE

A

Behavioural family therapy
Assertive community treatment models (ACTs)
Social skills
Elaborate token economy

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27
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (6)
EDACNN

A

Excessive worry/anxiety occurring more days than not for 6 months

Difficult to control the worry

Associated with at least 3 of the following symptoms…

Causes…
Not attributable…
Not better…

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28
Q

what are the 6 symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, of which 3 must be present for diagnosis
REDIMS

A

Restlessness/feeling on edge
Easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating/blank mind
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance

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29
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Panic disorder (4)
RANN

A

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks are present

At least one of the attacks has been followed by…

Not attributable…
Not better…

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30
Q

what 2 things may follow a panic attack in order to diagnose it (at least 1)

A

Persistent concern/worry about additional panic attacks and their consequences
Significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attacks

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31
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

the fear of experiencing a panic attack

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32
Q

what is interoceptive avoidance

A

Removing oneself from situations or activities that produce feelings of the beginning of a panic attack

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of specific phobias
BANS

A

Blood-injection-injury
Animal
Natural environment
Situational

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34
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia (7)
FAAOPCN

A

Fear/anxiety about a specific object or situation

Almost always provokes immediate fear/anxiety

Actively avoided/endured with intense fear/anxiety

Out of proportion to the actual danger posed

Persistent for 6+ months

Causes…
Not better…

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35
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (10)
FIASOPCNNI

A

Fear/anxiety about 1/more social situations where the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others

Individual fears that they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated

Almost always provokes fear/anxiety

Social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety

Out of proportion to the actual threat posed

Persistent for 6+months

Causes clinically…
Not attributable…
Not better…

If another medical condition is present, the fear is clearly unrelated or excessive

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36
Q

what is acute stress disorder

A

a diagnosis to account for symptoms in the immediate aftermath of severe trauma

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37
Q

What are the 4 types of obsessions/compulsions related to OCD
SFCH

A

Symmetry/exactness
Forbidden thoughts/actions
Cleaning/contamination
Hoarding

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38
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for OCD (4)
PONN

A

Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both as manifested by…

Obsessions/compulsions are time consuming or cause…

Not attributable…
Not better…

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39
Q

what are the 4 manifestations for the presence of obsessions, compulsions or both for OCD
RARB

A

Recurrent and persistent thoughts/urges that cause anxiety/distress

Attempts to ignore these thoughts/urges

Repetitive behaviours/mental acts that the person feels obligated to perform

Behaviours/mental acts aimed at preventing/reducing distress or preventing dreaded situation

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40
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Body Dysmorphic disorder (4)
PACN

A

Preoccupation with 1 or more deficits/flaws in physical appearance that are not observable/appear slight to others

At some point the individual has performed repetitive behavious/mental acts in response to appearance concerns

Causes…
Not better…

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41
Q

what are the big 5 personality traits
OCEAN

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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42
Q

what are the defining characteristics of cluster A personality disorders

A

Odd or eccentric behaviour

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43
Q

what are the defining characteristics of cluster B personality disorders

A

Dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviour

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44
Q

what are the defining characteristics of cluster C personality disorders

A

anxious or fearful behaviour

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45
Q

what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster A

A

Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal

46
Q

what are the 4 personality disorders in cluster B

A

Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic

47
Q

what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster C

A

Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive

48
Q

describe people with paranoid personality disorder

A

Distrustful and suspicious of others without justification

49
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Paranoid PD (2)
DN

A

Distrust and suspiciousness of others, their motives are interpreted as malicious… (4) SUSPECT

Not better or attributable…

50
Q

describe people with schizoid personality disorder

A

detached from social relationships and limited range of emotions (aloof and cold)

51
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoid PD (2)
DN

A

Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions… (4)
DISTANT

Not better or attributable…

52
Q

describe people with schizotypal personality disorder

A

socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric

53
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizotypal PD (2)
PN

A

Pattern of socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric behaviour… (5) PECULIARS

Not better or attributable…

54
Q

which personality disorder does SUSPECT relate to

A

Paranoid PD

55
Q

which personality disorder does DISTANT relate to

A

Schizoid PD

56
Q

which personality disorder does PECULIARS relate to

A

Schizotypal

57
Q

describe people with antisocial Personality disorder

A

disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15

58
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for antisocial PD (4)
PACN

A

Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since 15 years old… (3)

At least 18 years old

Conduct disorder onset before 15 years old

Not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia/bipolar

59
Q

describe people with borderline personality disorder

A

unstable moods and relationships and a poor self-image

60
Q

what is the triple vulnerability/diathesis model of anxiety that also applies to borderline personality disorder

A

A generalized biological vulnerability
A generalized psychological vulnerability
A specific psychological vulnerability

61
Q

what are the 2 treatments for Borderline PD

A

Antidepressants and DBT

62
Q

what does DBT stand for

A

Dialectical behaviour therapy

63
Q

describe people with histrionic PD

A

overdramatic and often seem like they’re acting

64
Q

Describe people with Narcissistic PD

A

Grandiose, need for admiration and lack of empathy

65
Q

which personality disorder does CORRUPT relate to

A

Antisocial PD

66
Q

which personality disorder does SUICIDALE relate to

A

Borderline PD

67
Q

which personality disorder does PRAISE ME relate to

A

Histrionic PD

68
Q

which personality disorder does SPECIALER relate to

A

Narcissistic

69
Q

Describe people with Avoidant PD

A

Hypersensitive, social inhibitions and feelings of inadequacy

70
Q

describe someone with Dependent PD

A

needs to be taken care of, submissive, clingy and separation anxiety

71
Q

Describe people with Obsessive-compulsive PD

A

Preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control

72
Q

which personality disorder does CRINGES relate to

A

Avoidant PD

73
Q

which personality disorder does RELIANCE relate to

A

Dependant PD

74
Q

which personality disorder does LAW FIRMS relate to

A

Obsessive-compulsive PD

75
Q

what are the 3 types of ‘episodes’ related to mood disorders

A

Major depressive episodes
Manic episodes
Hypomanic episodes

76
Q

what is anhedonia

A

a general loss of interest in things and an inability to experience any pleasure from life

77
Q

what is major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder involving one or more depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months)

78
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Major depressive disorder (3)
1NN

A

1 major depressive episode at least

Not better…

Never been a manic/hypomanic episode

79
Q

what is dysthymia

A

Persistent depressive disorder

80
Q

define persistent depressive disorder

A

depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be free of symptoms for more than 2 months at a time

81
Q

what are the 3 types of persistent depressive disorder

A

Mild depressive symptoms without any major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome)
Mild depressive symptoms with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently
Major depressive episode lasting 2 or more years

82
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for persistent depressive disorder (8)
D2NCNNNC

A

Depressed mood for 2 years

2 of the following…

Never been without the symptoms for more than 2 months

Criteria for major depressive disorder is continuously present for 2 years

Never been a manic/hypomanic episode and criteria has never been met for cyclothymic disorder

Not better…
Not attributable…
Causes…

83
Q

what are the 6 diagnostic features of persistent depressive disorder
PILLPF

A

Poor appetite/overeating
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Low energy/fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration/difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness

84
Q

what is the defining feature of bipolar disorders

A

occurrence of mania/hypomania, with a tendency to recur and alternate/ cycle with depressive episodes

85
Q

what is Bipolar 1 disorder

A

alternations between major depressive episodes and full manic episodes

86
Q

what is Bipolar 2 disorder

A

alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes

87
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder

A

a milder form of bipolar where there are alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods

88
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa (3)
RFD

A

Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight

Fear of gaining weight/behaviour that interferes with weight gain

Disturbances in the way in which one’s body is experienced

89
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of anorexia

A

Restricting type
Binge eating/purging type

90
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (5)
RIBSD

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both…

Inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain

Both A and B occur at least once a week for 3 months

Self-evaluation is heavily influenced by body shape and weight

Does not occur exclusively during an episode of anorexia

91
Q

what are the 2 characteristics regarding recurrent episodes of binge-eating

A

Eating a large amount of food discretely

Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode

92
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for binge-eating disorder (5)
REDON

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both…

Episodes are associated with… (3)

Distress regarding binge eating behaviours

Occurs at least once a week for 3 months

Not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviour

92
Q

what are the 5 features of binge-eating episodes of which 3 must be present to diagnose binge-eating disorder
FEEEE

A

Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or guilt afterwards
Eating more rapidly than normal
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating large amounts when not hungry
Eating alone because of embarrassment of how much one is eating

93
Q

what are the 2 main treatments for eating disorders

A

Psychological and pharmacological

94
Q

what are the 3 additional eating-disorders

A

Pica
Rumination disorder
ARFID (avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder)

95
Q

what is transient insomnia

A

distrubed sleep for a limited time due to illness, injury or stress

96
Q

what are dyssomnias

A

problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep

97
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary insomnia

A

primary insomnia is not related to any medical or psychological problems
secondary insomnia is caused by an identifiable medical or psychological condition

98
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Insomnia (8)
CC33ONNC

A

Complaint of dissatisfactory sleep… (1)

Causes…

3 nights a week

3 months

Occurs despite adequate opportunities for sleep

Not better…
Not attributable…

Coexisting mental and medical conditions don’t adequately explain the insomnia

99
Q

what are the 3 complaints associated with dissatisfactory sleep
DDE

A

Difficulty initiating sleep
Difficulty maintaining sleep
Early-morning awakening with inability tofall back to sleep

100
Q

what is hypersomnolence

A

excessive sleep that disrupts normal routines

101
Q

what is sleep apnoea

A

brief periods during sleep where breathing ceases

102
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks

103
Q

what is cataplexy

A

a disorder that typically accompanies narcolepsy where there is a sudden loss of muscle tone

104
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Hypersomnolence (6)
E3CNNC

A

Excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep…(1)

3 times a week for 3 months

Causes…
Not attributable…
Not better…

Coexisting metal/medical disorders do not adequately explain the hypersomnolence

105
Q

what are the 3 features associated with excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep
RPD

A

Recurrent periods of sleep/lapses into sleep within the same day
Prolonged main sleep episode of over 9 hours a day that is non-restorative
Difficulty being fully awake after an abrupt awakening

106
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea (4)
E(1&2) or E

A

Evidence by polysomnograph of at least 5 apnoeas/hypopnoeas per hour of sleep with either of the following…
1- nocturnal breathing disturbances
2- Daytime fatigue/unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunity

Evidence by polysomnography of 15+ obstructive apnoeas/hypopneas per hour regardless of accompanying symptoms

107
Q

what is central sleep apnoea

A

brief periods of cessation in respiratory activity during sleep that may be associated with central nervous system disorders (at least 5 per hour)

108
Q

what is sleep-related hypOventilation

A

a decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing during sleep

109
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (3)
PLC

A

Persistent/recurrent pattern of sleep disruption due to an alteration of the circadian system/misalignment between circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle

Leads to excessive sleepiness/insomnia/both

Causes…

110
Q

what are the 5 psychological treatments for insomnia
CGGPP

A

Cognitive
Guided imagery relaxation
Graduated extinction
Paradoxical intention
Progressive relaxation

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