KRM 310 Exam Flashcards
define investigative psychology
the application of psychological research and principles to the investigation of criminal behaviour
define profiling
process of identifying personality traits, behavioural tendencies, and demographic variables of an offender based on characteristics of the crime
what are the 2 approaches to profiling
clinical and actuarial
what is the clinical approach to profiling
it is case focused and tries to deduce characteristics of an offender from the analysis of evidence gathered from a specific crime/ series of crimes
also hopes of predict if/when the offender will strike again
what is the actuarial approach to profiling
concentrates on a database gathered from groups of offenders who have committed similar crimes or engaged in similar incidents
what are the 5 categories of profiling
SCEPG
Suspect-based profiling
Crime scene profiling
Equivocal death analysis
Psychological profiling
Geographical profiling
what is suspect-based profiling
identifying the psychological and behavioural features of persons who may commit a particular crime
what is the downside to suspect-based profiling
racial or ethnic profiling
what is crime scene profiling
identifying personality traits, behavioural patterns, geographic habits, cognitive tendencies, and demographic features of an unknown offender based on characteristics of the crime
define personation/signature
any behaviour that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime
define staging
the intentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police
what are the 2 reasons for staging
To redirect the investigation away from the most logical suspect
To protect the victim or their family
define undoing
a behavioural pattern found at the scene in which the offender tries to psychologically undo the murder
define equivocal death analysis
a postmortem psychological analysis- a reconstruction of the emotional life, behavioural patterns, and cognitive features of a deceased person.
what are the 3 classifications of crime scenes and offenders
organized
disorganized
mixed
define case linkage analysis (CLA)
a form of offender profiling that ties one individual to two or more similar crimes
what are the 3 basic flaws in modern-day profiling
The assumption that human behaviour is consistent across a variety of different situations
The assumption that offense style or evidence gathered at the scene is directly related to specific personality characteristics
Confirmation bias
define confirmation bias
police investigators will interpret the ambiguous info contained within the report to fit their own biases and hunches about the case/suspect
define psychological profiling
an assessment practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of behaviour in known individuals
what are the 2 basic approaches to psychological profiling
threat assessment
risk assessment
define geographical profiling
a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides, or other geographical locations that serve as a base of operations.
what does CGT stand for
Criminal Geographic Targeting program
what does the CGT do
it generates a 3D map that assigns statistical probabilities to various areas that seem to fall into the offender’s territory
define terrorism
the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, due to political or social objectives
what are the 2 types of terrorism
domestic terrorism and international terrorism
what are the 6 classifications of terrorists according to the FBI
RRLSNB
Radical environmental groups
Right-wing terrorists
Left-wing extremists
Special interest extremists
Nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC)
Bioterrorism
what are the 3 motivational categories of terrorists
Rationally motivated
Psychologically motivated
Culturally motivated
what is the quest for significance theory
the motivation to engage in terrorism is the search to be meaningful and recognized as someone significant
what are the 3 events that activate the quest for significance theory
Significant loss
Threat of significant loss
Opportunity for significant gain
what is the terror management theory
the sacrifice and commitment to a group or cause can be negative or positive
define radicalization
an individuals indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist groups ideology and mission, and to gradually embrace the level of violence necessary to reach the groups goals
define cells
when terrorist acts are carried out by small isolated groups
what are the 7 characteristics of lone wolf terrorists
AAADDOM
Act without the direct influence of a leader or hierarchy
Attacks are premeditated and carefully planned
Are more likely to be emotionally disturbed than other terrorists
Dont belong to an organised terrorist group, network, or organisation
Demonstrate poor interpersonal and social skills
Operate individually
May claim to be acting on behalf on an interest group
what 3 cultural characteristics are conducive to the emergence of terrorist groups
CRS
Cultural devaluation
Relative deprivation
Strong respect for authority
define cognitive restructuring
a psychological process that involves moral justifications, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparisons
what are the 3 cognitive restructuring processes that terrorists use for justification
MEA
Moral disengagement
Euphemistic language
Advantageous comparison
what are 3 other disengagement practices used in developing motivation for terrorists
DDD
Dehumanisation
Displacement of responsibility
Diffusion of responsibility
what are the 7 sexual assault vulnerability factors
RRSLACH
Relationship factors
Risk taking behaviours
Situational factors
Location
Age of victims
Consumption of alcohol
History of victimisation
what are the 2 kinds of recognition failure in vulnerable women
Global risk recognition failure
Specific risk recognition failure
what are the 2 major categories of sexual aggression
Instrumental and expressive
what are the 3 themes that have been explored in relation to recidivistic predictability
HCS
Hostility
Criminality
Sexual exploitation/involvement
what are the 3 factors that influence the relationship between pornography and human aggression
the level of arousal elicited by pornographic films
the level of aggression content
the reactions of the victims portrayed in the pornography
what does MTC stand for
Massachusetts treatment centre classification system
what are the 4 major categories of rapists identified by the MTC
DISC
Displaced aggression rapist
Impulsive/exploitative rapist
Sexual aggressive/ sadistic rapist
Compensatory rapist
what 4 characteristics must be displayed by the offender to be classified as a displaced aggression rapist
PINC
Presence of a high degree of non-sexualised aggression/rage
Injurious acts are not focused on sexual body parts
No evidence that sexual pleasure is gained from the injurious acts
Clear evidence of the intent to degrade or humiliate the victim
what 2 things are required for an offender to qualify as a sexual aggressive/sadistic rapist
A level of aggression/violence that exceeds what is necessary to force compliance of the victim
The explicit evidence that aggression is sexually exciting to him
what 2 criteria must be met for an offender to be classified as an impulsive/exploitative rapist
Callous indifference to the welfare and comfort of the victim
The presence of no more force than is necessary to gain the compliance of the victim
what are the 3 core personality traits that are believed to define paths that lead to sexual offending as determined by Knight and Sims-Knight 3 path model
CAH
Callous unemotionality
Antisocial/Impulsivity
Hypersexuality/sexualisation
what are the 3 basic principles for effective interventions or treatment methods for offenders
RNR
Risk
Need
Responsivity
what are the 2 aspects of the risk principle of the RNR model of intervention
Assumes that criminal behaviour can be predicted
Involved the notion that the levels of treatment should match the risk level of the offender
what does criminogenic mean
crime producing
what is hebephilia
when pedophilia includes ages 13-15
what is extrafamilial child molestation
sexual contact with immature family members by offenders from outside the family
what is paraphilia
Persistent and recurrent sexual interest in objects, activities or situations that are atypical in nature
what is frotteurism
strong sexual preferences for nonhuman objects
what is exhibitionism
exposing genitals to nonconsenting persons
what is voyeurism
spying on others engaging in private activities
what 3 factors does the form of sexual contact depend on
DAN
Degree to which the offender has previous nonsexual interactions with children
Age of each
Nature of the relationship between child and offender
what are the 3 conclusions drawn about the psychological effects of child sexual victimisation
YTT
Younger children appear to be more vulnerable to trauma
The closer the relationship between offender and victim, the greater the trauma
The greater the force used, the greater the trauma
what are the 6 characteristics of Child sex offenders
CABINS
Cognitive distortions
Age and gender
Background
Interpersonal and intimacy deficits
Neurocognitive functions
Selection of victims
what is emotional congruence with children (ECWC)
The beliefs and attitudes of many CSOs that relationships with children are more emotionally and socially satisfying than relationships with adults
what are the 2 types of CSOs
Typical CSO whose main interest is sexual contact with children
Psychopathic CSO whose main sexual interest is not children
what are the 2 risk assessment tools
RRASOR
Static-99
what does RRASOR stand for
the Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offender Recidivism
what 4 things does the RRASOR assess
WAPE
Whether any victims were unrelated to the offender
Age
Prior sexual arrests
Every male victim
what is the RRASOR
it assesses 4 items and rates them on a scale from 0-6
what is the static-99
a 10 item risk assessment
what are the 4 major patterns found among male child sex offenders
FARE… CSO
Fixated (immature)
Aggressive (sadistic)
Regressed
Exploitative
what are the 6 aspects for the typology of female sex offenders
HHFAYN
Heterosexual nurturers
Homosexual criminals
Female sex predators
Aggressive homosexual offenders
Young adult child exploiters
Noncriminal homosexual offenders
what are the 3 reasons why it is difficult to estimate the number of human trafficked victims
There is currently no uniform system for collecting the data
Victims are generally fearful of retribution from their traffickers if they report their victimisation
Victims tend to be highly distrustful of authorities because they may be runaways or undocumented immigrants
what are the 4 categories of stalking
SLEV
Simple obsession
Love obsession
Erotomania
Vengeance
what are the 2 categories of hostage-taking offenders based on their primary motivation
Instrumental and expressive
what are the 4 broad categories of hostage-takers according to the FBI
TPCM
Terrorists
Prisoners
Criminals
Mentally disordered
what are the 12 guidelines for hostage negotiation
STADABNNNDDD
Stabilize and contain the situation
Take time when negotiating
Allow subject to speak
Dont offer subject anything
Avoid directing frequent attention to victim
Be as honest as possible
Never dismiss a request as trivial
Never say no
Never set a deadline
Do not make alternate suggestions
Do not introduce outsiders into the negotiation process
Do not allow any exchange of hostages
what are the 3 aspects of Stratton’s typology of hostage takers
MSC
Mentally disordered
Social, political or religious
Criminal
what are the 5 aspects of Kobetz’s typology of hostage takers
RAMPH
Robber
Aeroplane hijackers
Mentally disordered
Prisoner
Hostage-taking of selected individuals
what are the 4 emotional phases of the hostage experience
DRTR
Denial phase
Reality phase
Traumatic depression phase
Resolution and integration phase
what is pathological transference
hostages start believing that their captors are actually giving them their lives which means the hostage takers are no longer a threat
what are the 5 factors that contribute towards the development of pathological transference
NEWPS
Nature of the interaction
Ethnic and racial bond
Ways the hostages approach and respond to their captors
Period the hostage and captor spend together
Stockholm syndrome
define preservation of dignity in terms of a hostage-taking situation
winning the respect of the captors and to make them aware that they are just another human being
what are the 2 ways that hostages can achieve the preservation of dignity
Behave in a dignified manner and help other hostages to do the same
Control/suppress panic
what are the 3 steps to surviving a hostage-taking situation
PEB
Preservation of dignity
Establishing a relationship with the captors
Behaviour in general
what are 5 of the ways to establish a relationship with the captors in a hostage-taking situation
NNSAT
Never show any resistance
Never threaten the captors
Show co-operation by following instructions
Avoid arguments with the captors
Talk to the captors when there is an acceptable opportunity
what are 5 of the behaviours that one should adopt in a hostage-taking situation
EETTA
Exercise regularly if possible
Eat the food given by the captors
Try keep a sense of humor
Try follow a routine and remain oriented with time, day and place
Attempts to escape shouldnt be made unless positive of success
what 3 things must be present for Stockholm syndrome to take place
MMA
The hostage-taker MUST treat the hostage kindly
The hostage MUST be in direct social contact during the incident
The hostage-taker AND victim must be together for a significant time period
define London Syndrome
Explicit and consistent resistance and refusal by hostages to do what captors expect during a hostage situation
what are strain theories
the notion that crime is an outgrowth of weakness in the social structure
Emile Durkheim
Origins of social structure theory and anomie
according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 3 basic determinants of suicide
Religion
Martial status
Economic conditions
according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 4 categories of suicide
AAFE
Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic
Egoistic
define anomie
a state in society in which norms are no longer effective in regulating behaviour
what causes anomie
a disjunction between people’s aspirations and their ability to achieve goals (a state of normlessness)
Robert K. Merton
Social structure and anomie
what did Merton postulise
societies have a cultural system that indicates values and goals and means for achieving these goals
what 5 individual modes of adaptation did Merton identify
CIRRR
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin
Opportunity theory
what is the opportunity theory as proposed by Cloward and Ohlin
The delinquent activities that one becomes involved in are a function of the delinquent opportunities that are available to the person
what are the 3 types of criminal gangs (Cloward and Ohlin)
CCR
Criminal
Conflict
Retreatist
with regards to the criminal gang, what are the 3 ways in which the neighbourhood provides illegitimate opportunity structures (Cloward and Ohlin)
Close bonds
Different age levels of delinquents
Criminal and conventional elements
Robert Agnew
General strain theory
what are the 4 criticisms that that have caused the decline in the popularity of social strain theory (Agnew)
FINF
Focus on lower-class delinquents
Inability to account for why only some people who experience strain to criminal activity
Neglect of goals other than middle class status and financial gain
Faulire to consider barriers to achievement other than social class
according to Robert Agnew, what are the 3 types of strain inducing stimuli
FRP
Failure to achieve one’s goals
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presence of negatively valued stimuli
what are the 3 expanded discussion on the role of various types of strain that contribute to criminal behaviour as proposed by Agnew
NOD
Not all strain is expected to produce criminal response
Objective strains and Subjective strains
Delineating 4 characteristics of strain related to crime
what are the 4 descriptions of strain related to crime (Agnew)
WWSS
When strain is seen as unjust, it is more likely to cause anger
When strain is high in magnitude or severity it is more likely to result in criminal response
Strains associated with low social control are more likely to lead to crime
Strain is associated with criminal outcome when criminal activity is seen as means to reduce strain
what 7 strains should increase criminal activity (Agnew)
CCCPATH
Child abuse
Criminal victimisation
Child abuse or neglect
Parental rejection
abusive peer relations
The failure to achieve core goals that are easily achieved through crime
Homelessness
what 4 strains should not increase the likelihood of crime (Agnew)
FUBE
Failure to achieve goals that are difficult to achieve through illegitimate means
Unpopularity/isolation
Burdens associated with the care of others whom one is strongly attached to
Excessive demands of conventional jobs that are well rewarded
what are the 3 cognitive coping strategies that people can invoke (Agnew)
Minimizing the importance of the goals
Minimizing negative outcomes
Accepting responsibiling
Albert K. Cohen
School of failure and Delinquent subcultures (Subculture theories)
what are the 5 techniques of neutralisation or justification of delinquent behaviour
DDDCA
Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of the victim
Condemnation of condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties
Walter Reckless
Containment theory
what are the 2 reinforcing elements of the containment theory (reckless)
an inner control system
an outer control system
what are the 4 elements of the containment theory (Reckless)
IOIT
Ingredients of containment as self-components
Outer containment/ external regulators
Internal pushes
The pulls of environment
Travis Hirschi
Social control and bonding theory
what did hirschi link delinquent behaviour to
the quality of the bond an individual maintains in society
what 4 elements is the social bond made up of
BICA
Belief
Involvement
Commitment
Attachment
Michael Gottdredson and travis hirschi
Self control theory
Edwin Sutherland
Differential association theory
Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers
Deferential reinforcement theory
Daniel Glaser
Differential identification and differential anticipation
what is the deferential reinforcement theory (Burgess and Akers)
a revision of Sutherland’s work that utilizes the central concepts and principles of modern behaviourism
the differential identification and differential anticipation theory (Glaser) argues that people are likely to engage in behaviours that they expect to obtain the greates rewards and the least punishment. these expectations are derived from what 3 sources
DPS
Differential learning
Perceived opportunities
Social bonds
Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard becker
Labelling perspectives
Frank Tannenbaum
The dramatization of evil
what is the dramatization of evil (Tannenbaum)
the process where a juvenile comes to the attention of authorities and is labelled as different from other juveniles.
this produces a change in how the individual handles the justice system and how they view themselves
Edwin Lemert
Primary and secondary deviation
what is primary deviation (Lemert)
The individual’s behaviour
what is secondary deviation (Lemert)
Society’s response to an individuals behaviour
what are the 8 stages of the process of becoming deviant (Lemert)
PSFSFCSU
Primary deviation
Social penalties
Further primary deviation
Stronger penalties and rejection
Further deviation
Crisis reached in the tolerance quotient
Strengthening of the deviant conduct
Ultimate acceptance of deviant social status and efforts
Ruth Triplett and G. Jarjoura
Formal and Informal labelling
Subjective and Objective labels
Exclusive and inclusive social reactions
what are formal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)
The reactions by official agents of the justice system to illegal behaviours
what are informal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)
an attempt to characterise a person as a given type by person’s who are not acting as official social control agents (parents, friends, etc.)
what is an objective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)
An audience reaction
what is a subjective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)
An actors interpretation of the reaction
What are inclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)
attempts at social control whereby the rule-breaker will continue to be an ordinary member of the community
what are exclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)
attempts at social control which operates to reject the rule-breaker from the group and revoke his privileges and status
Everett Hughes and Becker
Master status and retrospective interpretation
what is master status (Hughes and Becker)
conveys the notion that there are certain traits to people’s identities blinding us to their other characteristics
what is retrospective interpretation (Hughes and Becker)
provides us with an idea of how identities can be constructed to fit a new label
what are the 5 underlying assumptions on which different criminologies are based
DDTTT
Definition of crime
Determinism vs Agency
The nature of human nature
The nature of society
The nature of reality
what are the 2 primary classes in any capitalist society
The bourgeoisie (Capitalist ruling class)
The proletariat (Working class)
George Vold
Group conflict theory
what is the group conflict theory (Vold)
Groups come into conflict with one another as the interests and purposes they serve begin to overlap and encroach. when this happens, each group defends itself
what 4 kinds of crime did Vold’s theory explain most appropriately
PLDR
crime arising from POLITICAL PROTEST
crime resulting from LABOUR DISPUTES
crime arising from DISPUTES BETWEEN AND WITHIN COMPETING UNIONS
crime arising from RACIAL AND ETHNIC CLASHES
Austin Turk
Crime and the legal order
Richard Quinney
The social reality of crime
what are the 6 propositions and associated axioms that outline Quinney’s social reality of crime theoy
DFADCT
Definition of crime
Formulation of criminal definitions
Application of criminal definitions
Development of behaviour pattern in relation to criminal definitions
Construction of criminal conceptions
The social reality of crime
Jody Miller
Feminist criminology
what is the age crime curve
indicates when a population of youth starts to engage in offending, at what age the largest proportion of youth engages in offences, and in which period much resistance takes place
what are the 2 ways the age-crime curve can be reduced
by lowering the peak of the curve
by lowering the base of the curve
Sampson and Laub
Developmental model
what is the developmental model as proposed by Sampson and Laub
assumes that early antisocial tendencies are often linked to later adult criminal offending
which 2 types of people are concealed by juvenile delinquency
Large group who participate in antisocial behaviour during adolescence
Smaller group whose antisocial behaviour continues into adulthood
what are the 2 hypothetical types of antisocial youths
life-course persistent
adolescence limited
what are the 5 manifestations of life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour
BSSRF
Biting and hitting (4)
Shoplifting and truancy (10)
Selling drugs and stealing cars (16)
Robbery and rape (22)
Fraud and child abuse (30)
what 2 types of interactions may help to explain the life-course-persistent individual’s behaviour
Reactive interaction
Proactive interaction
what 4 empirical oberservations must a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency account for
MRWL
Modal onset in early adolescence
Recovery by young adulthood
Widespread prevalence
Lack on continuity
what are the 4 critical features of adolescent development
VIBD
Variability in biological age
Increasing importance of peer relationships
Budding of teenager’s self-conscious values, attitudes and aspirations
Developmental tasks form the building blocks for a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency
what are the 4 hypothetical reinforcers for delinquency?
DPFT
Damaging the quality of intimacy and communication with parents
Provoking responses from adults in positions of authority
Finding ways to look older
Tempting fate
according to the adolescence-limited delinquency theory, what are the 5 factors as to why some adolescents don’t commit any antisocial behaviour
DAPEA
Delayed puberty
Access to roles that are respected by adults
Personal characteristics that exclude them from antisocial peer networks
Environments that limit opportunities for learning about delinquency
All of the above
Georgia Zara
Adult-onset offending (21+)
what does DLC stand for
Developmental/ life course criminology
what is the DLC
focuses on how antisocial and criminal activity waxes and wanes across the life course
Elliot
Integrated model
what is the integrated model as proposed by Elliot
the first major perspective proposed that attempted to merge various traditionally separate theories of crime
Braithwaite
Theory of reintegrative shaming
what is the theory of reintegrative shaming as proposed by Braithwaite
proposes the synthesis of several traditionally separate theories
what 2 constructs ensures the effectiveness of the Japanese system of crime control
Interdependency and Communitarianism
John Fuller
Peacemaking criminology
what is peacemaking criminology as proposed by John Fuller
takes issue with conventional criminology and attempts to bridge the gap between individual responsibility and societal influence
what are the 3 influential traditions that contribute to peacemaking criminology (Fuller)
Religious and humanist
Feminist
Critical
what are the 6 stages of Fuller’s peacemaking pyramid paradigm that must be considered when fashioning solutions to the problems of the CJS
NSICAC
Nonviolence
Social justice
Inclusion
Correct means
Ascertainable criteria
Categorical imperative
What does VORPs stand for
Victim-offender Reconciliation Programs
what is the purpose of VORPs
the victim and the offender are allowed to resolve the conflict with the aid of a trained third-party mediator prior to processing the formal CJS
what does SAT stand for
Situational Action theory
what does the SAT propose
a person’s crime propensity depends on their morality and ability to exercise self-control, and that a setting’s criminogenic features depends on its moral context
Marl Covin and John Pauly
An integrated structuralist-marxist theory of delinquency production
