KRM 310 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

define investigative psychology

A

the application of psychological research and principles to the investigation of criminal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define profiling

A

process of identifying personality traits, behavioural tendencies, and demographic variables of an offender based on characteristics of the crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 approaches to profiling

A

clinical and actuarial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the clinical approach to profiling

A

it is case focused and tries to deduce characteristics of an offender from the analysis of evidence gathered from a specific crime/ series of crimes
also hopes of predict if/when the offender will strike again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the actuarial approach to profiling

A

concentrates on a database gathered from groups of offenders who have committed similar crimes or engaged in similar incidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 5 categories of profiling
SCEPG

A

Suspect-based profiling
Crime scene profiling
Equivocal death analysis
Psychological profiling
Geographical profiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is suspect-based profiling

A

identifying the psychological and behavioural features of persons who may commit a particular crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the downside to suspect-based profiling

A

racial or ethnic profiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is crime scene profiling

A

identifying personality traits, behavioural patterns, geographic habits, cognitive tendencies, and demographic features of an unknown offender based on characteristics of the crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define personation/signature

A

any behaviour that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define staging

A

the intentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 2 reasons for staging

A

To redirect the investigation away from the most logical suspect
To protect the victim or their family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define undoing

A

a behavioural pattern found at the scene in which the offender tries to psychologically undo the murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define equivocal death analysis

A

a postmortem psychological analysis- a reconstruction of the emotional life, behavioural patterns, and cognitive features of a deceased person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 classifications of crime scenes and offenders

A

organized
disorganized
mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define case linkage analysis (CLA)

A

a form of offender profiling that ties one individual to two or more similar crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 basic flaws in modern-day profiling

A

The assumption that human behaviour is consistent across a variety of different situations
The assumption that offense style or evidence gathered at the scene is directly related to specific personality characteristics
Confirmation bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define confirmation bias

A

police investigators will interpret the ambiguous info contained within the report to fit their own biases and hunches about the case/suspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define psychological profiling

A

an assessment practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of behaviour in known individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 2 basic approaches to psychological profiling

A

threat assessment
risk assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define geographical profiling

A

a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides, or other geographical locations that serve as a base of operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does CGT stand for

A

Criminal Geographic Targeting program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the CGT do

A

it generates a 3D map that assigns statistical probabilities to various areas that seem to fall into the offender’s territory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define terrorism

A

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, due to political or social objectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the 2 types of terrorism
domestic terrorism and international terrorism
26
what are the 6 classifications of terrorists according to the FBI RRLSNB
Radical environmental groups Right-wing terrorists Left-wing extremists Special interest extremists Nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC) Bioterrorism
27
what are the 3 motivational categories of terrorists
Rationally motivated Psychologically motivated Culturally motivated
28
what is the quest for significance theory
the motivation to engage in terrorism is the search to be meaningful and recognized as someone significant
29
what are the 3 events that activate the quest for significance theory
Significant loss Threat of significant loss Opportunity for significant gain
30
what is the terror management theory
the sacrifice and commitment to a group or cause can be negative or positive
31
define radicalization
an individuals indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist groups ideology and mission, and to gradually embrace the level of violence necessary to reach the groups goals
32
define cells
when terrorist acts are carried out by small isolated groups
33
what are the 7 characteristics of lone wolf terrorists AAADDOM
Act without the direct influence of a leader or hierarchy Attacks are premeditated and carefully planned Are more likely to be emotionally disturbed than other terrorists Dont belong to an organised terrorist group, network, or organisation Demonstrate poor interpersonal and social skills Operate individually May claim to be acting on behalf on an interest group
34
what 3 cultural characteristics are conducive to the emergence of terrorist groups CRS
Cultural devaluation Relative deprivation Strong respect for authority
35
define cognitive restructuring
a psychological process that involves moral justifications, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparisons
36
what are the 3 cognitive restructuring processes that terrorists use for justification MEA
Moral disengagement Euphemistic language Advantageous comparison
37
what are 3 other disengagement practices used in developing motivation for terrorists DDD
Dehumanisation Displacement of responsibility Diffusion of responsibility
38
what are the 7 sexual assault vulnerability factors RRSLACH
Relationship factors Risk taking behaviours Situational factors Location Age of victims Consumption of alcohol History of victimisation
39
what are the 2 kinds of recognition failure in vulnerable women
Global risk recognition failure Specific risk recognition failure
40
what are the 2 major categories of sexual aggression
Instrumental and expressive
41
what are the 3 themes that have been explored in relation to recidivistic predictability HCS
Hostility Criminality Sexual exploitation/involvement
42
what are the 3 factors that influence the relationship between pornography and human aggression
the level of arousal elicited by pornographic films the level of aggression content the reactions of the victims portrayed in the pornography
43
what does MTC stand for
Massachusetts treatment centre classification system
44
what are the 4 major categories of rapists identified by the MTC DISC
Displaced aggression rapist Impulsive/exploitative rapist Sexual aggressive/ sadistic rapist Compensatory rapist
45
what 4 characteristics must be displayed by the offender to be classified as a displaced aggression rapist PINC
Presence of a high degree of non-sexualised aggression/rage Injurious acts are not focused on sexual body parts No evidence that sexual pleasure is gained from the injurious acts Clear evidence of the intent to degrade or humiliate the victim
46
what 2 things are required for an offender to qualify as a sexual aggressive/sadistic rapist
A level of aggression/violence that exceeds what is necessary to force compliance of the victim The explicit evidence that aggression is sexually exciting to him
47
what 2 criteria must be met for an offender to be classified as an impulsive/exploitative rapist
Callous indifference to the welfare and comfort of the victim The presence of no more force than is necessary to gain the compliance of the victim
48
what are the 3 core personality traits that are believed to define paths that lead to sexual offending as determined by Knight and Sims-Knight 3 path model CAH
Callous unemotionality Antisocial/Impulsivity Hypersexuality/sexualisation
49
what are the 3 basic principles for effective interventions or treatment methods for offenders RNR
Risk Need Responsivity
50
what are the 2 aspects of the risk principle of the RNR model of intervention
Assumes that criminal behaviour can be predicted Involved the notion that the levels of treatment should match the risk level of the offender
51
what does criminogenic mean
crime producing
52
what is hebephilia
when pedophilia includes ages 13-15
53
what is extrafamilial child molestation
sexual contact with immature family members by offenders from outside the family
54
what is paraphilia
Persistent and recurrent sexual interest in objects, activities or situations that are atypical in nature
55
what is frotteurism
strong sexual preferences for nonhuman objects
56
what is exhibitionism
exposing genitals to nonconsenting persons
57
what is voyeurism
spying on others engaging in private activities
58
what 3 factors does the form of sexual contact depend on DAN
Degree to which the offender has previous nonsexual interactions with children Age of each Nature of the relationship between child and offender
59
what are the 3 conclusions drawn about the psychological effects of child sexual victimisation YTT
Younger children appear to be more vulnerable to trauma The closer the relationship between offender and victim, the greater the trauma The greater the force used, the greater the trauma
60
what are the 6 characteristics of Child sex offenders CABINS
Cognitive distortions Age and gender Background Interpersonal and intimacy deficits Neurocognitive functions Selection of victims
61
what is emotional congruence with children (ECWC)
The beliefs and attitudes of many CSOs that relationships with children are more emotionally and socially satisfying than relationships with adults
62
what are the 2 types of CSOs
Typical CSO whose main interest is sexual contact with children Psychopathic CSO whose main sexual interest is not children
63
what are the 2 risk assessment tools
RRASOR Static-99
64
what does RRASOR stand for
the Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offender Recidivism
65
what 4 things does the RRASOR assess WAPE
Whether any victims were unrelated to the offender Age Prior sexual arrests Every male victim
66
what is the RRASOR
it assesses 4 items and rates them on a scale from 0-6
67
what is the static-99
a 10 item risk assessment
68
what are the 4 major patterns found among male child sex offenders FARE... CSO
Fixated (immature) Aggressive (sadistic) Regressed Exploitative
69
what are the 6 aspects for the typology of female sex offenders HHFAYN
Heterosexual nurturers Homosexual criminals Female sex predators Aggressive homosexual offenders Young adult child exploiters Noncriminal homosexual offenders
70
what are the 3 reasons why it is difficult to estimate the number of human trafficked victims
There is currently no uniform system for collecting the data Victims are generally fearful of retribution from their traffickers if they report their victimisation Victims tend to be highly distrustful of authorities because they may be runaways or undocumented immigrants
71
what are the 4 categories of stalking SLEV
Simple obsession Love obsession Erotomania Vengeance
72
what are the 2 categories of hostage-taking offenders based on their primary motivation
Instrumental and expressive
73
what are the 4 broad categories of hostage-takers according to the FBI TPCM
Terrorists Prisoners Criminals Mentally disordered
74
what are the 12 guidelines for hostage negotiation STADABNNNDDD
Stabilize and contain the situation Take time when negotiating Allow subject to speak Dont offer subject anything Avoid directing frequent attention to victim Be as honest as possible Never dismiss a request as trivial Never say no Never set a deadline Do not make alternate suggestions Do not introduce outsiders into the negotiation process Do not allow any exchange of hostages
75
what are the 3 aspects of Stratton's typology of hostage takers MSC
Mentally disordered Social, political or religious Criminal
76
what are the 5 aspects of Kobetz's typology of hostage takers RAMPH
Robber Aeroplane hijackers Mentally disordered Prisoner Hostage-taking of selected individuals
77
what are the 4 emotional phases of the hostage experience DRTR
Denial phase Reality phase Traumatic depression phase Resolution and integration phase
78
what is pathological transference
hostages start believing that their captors are actually giving them their lives which means the hostage takers are no longer a threat
79
what are the 5 factors that contribute towards the development of pathological transference NEWPS
Nature of the interaction Ethnic and racial bond Ways the hostages approach and respond to their captors Period the hostage and captor spend together Stockholm syndrome
80
define preservation of dignity in terms of a hostage-taking situation
winning the respect of the captors and to make them aware that they are just another human being
81
what are the 2 ways that hostages can achieve the preservation of dignity
Behave in a dignified manner and help other hostages to do the same Control/suppress panic
82
what are the 3 steps to surviving a hostage-taking situation PEB
Preservation of dignity Establishing a relationship with the captors Behaviour in general
83
what are 5 of the ways to establish a relationship with the captors in a hostage-taking situation NNSAT
Never show any resistance Never threaten the captors Show co-operation by following instructions Avoid arguments with the captors Talk to the captors when there is an acceptable opportunity
84
what are 5 of the behaviours that one should adopt in a hostage-taking situation EETTA
Exercise regularly if possible Eat the food given by the captors Try keep a sense of humor Try follow a routine and remain oriented with time, day and place Attempts to escape shouldnt be made unless positive of success
85
what 3 things must be present for Stockholm syndrome to take place MMA
The hostage-taker MUST treat the hostage kindly The hostage MUST be in direct social contact during the incident The hostage-taker AND victim must be together for a significant time period
86
define London Syndrome
Explicit and consistent resistance and refusal by hostages to do what captors expect during a hostage situation
87
what are strain theories
the notion that crime is an outgrowth of weakness in the social structure
88
Emile Durkheim
Origins of social structure theory and anomie
89
according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 3 basic determinants of suicide
Religion Martial status Economic conditions
90
according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 4 categories of suicide AAFE
Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic Egoistic
91
define anomie
a state in society in which norms are no longer effective in regulating behaviour
92
what causes anomie
a disjunction between people's aspirations and their ability to achieve goals (a state of normlessness)
93
Robert K. Merton
Social structure and anomie
94
what did Merton postulise
societies have a cultural system that indicates values and goals and means for achieving these goals
95
what 5 individual modes of adaptation did Merton identify CIRRR
Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
96
Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin
Opportunity theory
97
what is the opportunity theory as proposed by Cloward and Ohlin
The delinquent activities that one becomes involved in are a function of the delinquent opportunities that are available to the person
98
what are the 3 types of criminal gangs (Cloward and Ohlin) CCR
Criminal Conflict Retreatist
99
with regards to the criminal gang, what are the 3 ways in which the neighbourhood provides illegitimate opportunity structures (Cloward and Ohlin)
Close bonds Different age levels of delinquents Criminal and conventional elements
100
Robert Agnew
General strain theory
101
what are the 4 criticisms that that have caused the decline in the popularity of social strain theory (Agnew) FINF
Focus on lower-class delinquents Inability to account for why only some people who experience strain to criminal activity Neglect of goals other than middle class status and financial gain Faulire to consider barriers to achievement other than social class
102
according to Robert Agnew, what are the 3 types of strain inducing stimuli FRP
Failure to achieve one's goals Removal of positively valued stimuli Presence of negatively valued stimuli
103
what are the 3 expanded discussion on the role of various types of strain that contribute to criminal behaviour as proposed by Agnew NOD
Not all strain is expected to produce criminal response Objective strains and Subjective strains Delineating 4 characteristics of strain related to crime
104
what are the 4 descriptions of strain related to crime (Agnew) WWSS
When strain is seen as unjust, it is more likely to cause anger When strain is high in magnitude or severity it is more likely to result in criminal response Strains associated with low social control are more likely to lead to crime Strain is associated with criminal outcome when criminal activity is seen as means to reduce strain
105
what 7 strains should increase criminal activity (Agnew) CCCPATH
Child abuse Criminal victimisation Child abuse or neglect Parental rejection abusive peer relations The failure to achieve core goals that are easily achieved through crime Homelessness
106
what 4 strains should not increase the likelihood of crime (Agnew) FUBE
Failure to achieve goals that are difficult to achieve through illegitimate means Unpopularity/isolation Burdens associated with the care of others whom one is strongly attached to Excessive demands of conventional jobs that are well rewarded
107
what are the 3 cognitive coping strategies that people can invoke (Agnew)
Minimizing the importance of the goals Minimizing negative outcomes Accepting responsibiling
108
Albert K. Cohen
School of failure and Delinquent subcultures (Subculture theories)
109
what are the 5 techniques of neutralisation or justification of delinquent behaviour DDDCA
Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of the victim Condemnation of condemners Appeal to higher loyalties
110
Walter Reckless
Containment theory
111
what are the 2 reinforcing elements of the containment theory (reckless)
an inner control system an outer control system
112
what are the 4 elements of the containment theory (Reckless) IOIT
Ingredients of containment as self-components Outer containment/ external regulators Internal pushes The pulls of environment
113
Travis Hirschi
Social control and bonding theory
114
what did hirschi link delinquent behaviour to
the quality of the bond an individual maintains in society
115
what 4 elements is the social bond made up of BICA
Belief Involvement Commitment Attachment
116
Michael Gottdredson and travis hirschi
Self control theory
117
Edwin Sutherland
Differential association theory
118
Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers
Deferential reinforcement theory
119
Daniel Glaser
Differential identification and differential anticipation
120
what is the deferential reinforcement theory (Burgess and Akers)
a revision of Sutherland's work that utilizes the central concepts and principles of modern behaviourism
121
the differential identification and differential anticipation theory (Glaser) argues that people are likely to engage in behaviours that they expect to obtain the greates rewards and the least punishment. these expectations are derived from what 3 sources DPS
Differential learning Perceived opportunities Social bonds
122
Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard becker
Labelling perspectives
123
Frank Tannenbaum
The dramatization of evil
124
what is the dramatization of evil (Tannenbaum)
the process where a juvenile comes to the attention of authorities and is labelled as different from other juveniles. this produces a change in how the individual handles the justice system and how they view themselves
125
Edwin Lemert
Primary and secondary deviation
126
what is primary deviation (Lemert)
The individual's behaviour
127
what is secondary deviation (Lemert)
Society's response to an individuals behaviour
128
what are the 8 stages of the process of becoming deviant (Lemert) PSFSFCSU
Primary deviation Social penalties Further primary deviation Stronger penalties and rejection Further deviation Crisis reached in the tolerance quotient Strengthening of the deviant conduct Ultimate acceptance of deviant social status and efforts
129
Ruth Triplett and G. Jarjoura
Formal and Informal labelling Subjective and Objective labels Exclusive and inclusive social reactions
130
what are formal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)
The reactions by official agents of the justice system to illegal behaviours
131
what are informal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)
an attempt to characterise a person as a given type by person's who are not acting as official social control agents (parents, friends, etc.)
132
what is an objective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)
An audience reaction
133
what is a subjective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)
An actors interpretation of the reaction
134
What are inclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)
attempts at social control whereby the rule-breaker will continue to be an ordinary member of the community
135
what are exclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)
attempts at social control which operates to reject the rule-breaker from the group and revoke his privileges and status
136
Everett Hughes and Becker
Master status and retrospective interpretation
137
what is master status (Hughes and Becker)
conveys the notion that there are certain traits to people's identities blinding us to their other characteristics
138
what is retrospective interpretation (Hughes and Becker)
provides us with an idea of how identities can be constructed to fit a new label
139
what are the 5 underlying assumptions on which different criminologies are based DDTTT
Definition of crime Determinism vs Agency The nature of human nature The nature of society The nature of reality
140
what are the 2 primary classes in any capitalist society
The bourgeoisie (Capitalist ruling class) The proletariat (Working class)
141
George Vold
Group conflict theory
142
what is the group conflict theory (Vold)
Groups come into conflict with one another as the interests and purposes they serve begin to overlap and encroach. when this happens, each group defends itself
143
what 4 kinds of crime did Vold's theory explain most appropriately PLDR
crime arising from POLITICAL PROTEST crime resulting from LABOUR DISPUTES crime arising from DISPUTES BETWEEN AND WITHIN COMPETING UNIONS crime arising from RACIAL AND ETHNIC CLASHES
144
Austin Turk
Crime and the legal order
145
Richard Quinney
The social reality of crime
146
what are the 6 propositions and associated axioms that outline Quinney's social reality of crime theoy DFADCT
Definition of crime Formulation of criminal definitions Application of criminal definitions Development of behaviour pattern in relation to criminal definitions Construction of criminal conceptions The social reality of crime
147
Jody Miller
Feminist criminology
148
what is the age crime curve
indicates when a population of youth starts to engage in offending, at what age the largest proportion of youth engages in offences, and in which period much resistance takes place
149
what are the 2 ways the age-crime curve can be reduced
by lowering the peak of the curve by lowering the base of the curve
150
Sampson and Laub
Developmental model
151
what is the developmental model as proposed by Sampson and Laub
assumes that early antisocial tendencies are often linked to later adult criminal offending
152
which 2 types of people are concealed by juvenile delinquency
Large group who participate in antisocial behaviour during adolescence Smaller group whose antisocial behaviour continues into adulthood
153
what are the 2 hypothetical types of antisocial youths
life-course persistent adolescence limited
154
what are the 5 manifestations of life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour BSSRF
Biting and hitting (4) Shoplifting and truancy (10) Selling drugs and stealing cars (16) Robbery and rape (22) Fraud and child abuse (30)
155
what 2 types of interactions may help to explain the life-course-persistent individual's behaviour
Reactive interaction Proactive interaction
156
what 4 empirical oberservations must a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency account for MRWL
Modal onset in early adolescence Recovery by young adulthood Widespread prevalence Lack on continuity
157
what are the 4 critical features of adolescent development VIBD
Variability in biological age Increasing importance of peer relationships Budding of teenager's self-conscious values, attitudes and aspirations Developmental tasks form the building blocks for a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency
158
what are the 4 hypothetical reinforcers for delinquency? DPFT
Damaging the quality of intimacy and communication with parents Provoking responses from adults in positions of authority Finding ways to look older Tempting fate
159
according to the adolescence-limited delinquency theory, what are the 5 factors as to why some adolescents don't commit any antisocial behaviour DAPEA
Delayed puberty Access to roles that are respected by adults Personal characteristics that exclude them from antisocial peer networks Environments that limit opportunities for learning about delinquency All of the above
160
Georgia Zara
Adult-onset offending (21+)
161
what does DLC stand for
Developmental/ life course criminology
162
what is the DLC
focuses on how antisocial and criminal activity waxes and wanes across the life course
163
Elliot
Integrated model
164
what is the integrated model as proposed by Elliot
the first major perspective proposed that attempted to merge various traditionally separate theories of crime
165
Braithwaite
Theory of reintegrative shaming
166
what is the theory of reintegrative shaming as proposed by Braithwaite
proposes the synthesis of several traditionally separate theories
167
what 2 constructs ensures the effectiveness of the Japanese system of crime control
Interdependency and Communitarianism
168
John Fuller
Peacemaking criminology
169
what is peacemaking criminology as proposed by John Fuller
takes issue with conventional criminology and attempts to bridge the gap between individual responsibility and societal influence
170
what are the 3 influential traditions that contribute to peacemaking criminology (Fuller)
Religious and humanist Feminist Critical
171
what are the 6 stages of Fuller's peacemaking pyramid paradigm that must be considered when fashioning solutions to the problems of the CJS NSICAC
Nonviolence Social justice Inclusion Correct means Ascertainable criteria Categorical imperative
172
What does VORPs stand for
Victim-offender Reconciliation Programs
173
what is the purpose of VORPs
the victim and the offender are allowed to resolve the conflict with the aid of a trained third-party mediator prior to processing the formal CJS
174
what does SAT stand for
Situational Action theory
175
what does the SAT propose
a person's crime propensity depends on their morality and ability to exercise self-control, and that a setting's criminogenic features depends on its moral context
176
Marl Covin and John Pauly
An integrated structuralist-marxist theory of delinquency production