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3rd Year > KRM 310 Exam > Flashcards

KRM 310 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

define investigative psychology

A

the application of psychological research and principles to the investigation of criminal behaviour

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2
Q

define profiling

A

process of identifying personality traits, behavioural tendencies, and demographic variables of an offender based on characteristics of the crime

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3
Q

what are the 2 approaches to profiling

A

clinical and actuarial

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4
Q

what is the clinical approach to profiling

A

it is case focused and tries to deduce characteristics of an offender from the analysis of evidence gathered from a specific crime/ series of crimes
also hopes of predict if/when the offender will strike again

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5
Q

what is the actuarial approach to profiling

A

concentrates on a database gathered from groups of offenders who have committed similar crimes or engaged in similar incidents

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6
Q

what are the 5 categories of profiling
SCEPG

A

Suspect-based profiling
Crime scene profiling
Equivocal death analysis
Psychological profiling
Geographical profiling

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7
Q

what is suspect-based profiling

A

identifying the psychological and behavioural features of persons who may commit a particular crime

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8
Q

what is the downside to suspect-based profiling

A

racial or ethnic profiling

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9
Q

what is crime scene profiling

A

identifying personality traits, behavioural patterns, geographic habits, cognitive tendencies, and demographic features of an unknown offender based on characteristics of the crime

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10
Q

define personation/signature

A

any behaviour that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime

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11
Q

define staging

A

the intentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police

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12
Q

what are the 2 reasons for staging

A

To redirect the investigation away from the most logical suspect
To protect the victim or their family

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13
Q

define undoing

A

a behavioural pattern found at the scene in which the offender tries to psychologically undo the murder

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14
Q

define equivocal death analysis

A

a postmortem psychological analysis- a reconstruction of the emotional life, behavioural patterns, and cognitive features of a deceased person.

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15
Q

what are the 3 classifications of crime scenes and offenders

A

organized
disorganized
mixed

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16
Q

define case linkage analysis (CLA)

A

a form of offender profiling that ties one individual to two or more similar crimes

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17
Q

what are the 3 basic flaws in modern-day profiling

A

The assumption that human behaviour is consistent across a variety of different situations
The assumption that offense style or evidence gathered at the scene is directly related to specific personality characteristics
Confirmation bias

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18
Q

define confirmation bias

A

police investigators will interpret the ambiguous info contained within the report to fit their own biases and hunches about the case/suspect

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19
Q

define psychological profiling

A

an assessment practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of behaviour in known individuals

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20
Q

what are the 2 basic approaches to psychological profiling

A

threat assessment
risk assessment

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21
Q

define geographical profiling

A

a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides, or other geographical locations that serve as a base of operations.

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22
Q

what does CGT stand for

A

Criminal Geographic Targeting program

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23
Q

what does the CGT do

A

it generates a 3D map that assigns statistical probabilities to various areas that seem to fall into the offender’s territory

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24
Q

define terrorism

A

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, due to political or social objectives

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of terrorism

A

domestic terrorism and international terrorism

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26
Q

what are the 6 classifications of terrorists according to the FBI
RRLSNB

A

Radical environmental groups
Right-wing terrorists
Left-wing extremists
Special interest extremists
Nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC)
Bioterrorism

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27
Q

what are the 3 motivational categories of terrorists

A

Rationally motivated
Psychologically motivated
Culturally motivated

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28
Q

what is the quest for significance theory

A

the motivation to engage in terrorism is the search to be meaningful and recognized as someone significant

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29
Q

what are the 3 events that activate the quest for significance theory

A

Significant loss
Threat of significant loss
Opportunity for significant gain

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30
Q

what is the terror management theory

A

the sacrifice and commitment to a group or cause can be negative or positive

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31
Q

define radicalization

A

an individuals indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist groups ideology and mission, and to gradually embrace the level of violence necessary to reach the groups goals

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32
Q

define cells

A

when terrorist acts are carried out by small isolated groups

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33
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of lone wolf terrorists
AAADDOM

A

Act without the direct influence of a leader or hierarchy
Attacks are premeditated and carefully planned
Are more likely to be emotionally disturbed than other terrorists
Dont belong to an organised terrorist group, network, or organisation
Demonstrate poor interpersonal and social skills
Operate individually
May claim to be acting on behalf on an interest group

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34
Q

what 3 cultural characteristics are conducive to the emergence of terrorist groups
CRS

A

Cultural devaluation
Relative deprivation
Strong respect for authority

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35
Q

define cognitive restructuring

A

a psychological process that involves moral justifications, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparisons

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36
Q

what are the 3 cognitive restructuring processes that terrorists use for justification
MEA

A

Moral disengagement
Euphemistic language
Advantageous comparison

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37
Q

what are 3 other disengagement practices used in developing motivation for terrorists
DDD

A

Dehumanisation
Displacement of responsibility
Diffusion of responsibility

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38
Q

what are the 7 sexual assault vulnerability factors
RRSLACH

A

Relationship factors
Risk taking behaviours
Situational factors
Location
Age of victims
Consumption of alcohol
History of victimisation

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39
Q

what are the 2 kinds of recognition failure in vulnerable women

A

Global risk recognition failure
Specific risk recognition failure

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40
Q

what are the 2 major categories of sexual aggression

A

Instrumental and expressive

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41
Q

what are the 3 themes that have been explored in relation to recidivistic predictability
HCS

A

Hostility
Criminality
Sexual exploitation/involvement

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42
Q

what are the 3 factors that influence the relationship between pornography and human aggression

A

the level of arousal elicited by pornographic films
the level of aggression content
the reactions of the victims portrayed in the pornography

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43
Q

what does MTC stand for

A

Massachusetts treatment centre classification system

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44
Q

what are the 4 major categories of rapists identified by the MTC
DISC

A

Displaced aggression rapist
Impulsive/exploitative rapist
Sexual aggressive/ sadistic rapist
Compensatory rapist

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45
Q

what 4 characteristics must be displayed by the offender to be classified as a displaced aggression rapist
PINC

A

Presence of a high degree of non-sexualised aggression/rage
Injurious acts are not focused on sexual body parts
No evidence that sexual pleasure is gained from the injurious acts
Clear evidence of the intent to degrade or humiliate the victim

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46
Q

what 2 things are required for an offender to qualify as a sexual aggressive/sadistic rapist

A

A level of aggression/violence that exceeds what is necessary to force compliance of the victim
The explicit evidence that aggression is sexually exciting to him

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47
Q

what 2 criteria must be met for an offender to be classified as an impulsive/exploitative rapist

A

Callous indifference to the welfare and comfort of the victim
The presence of no more force than is necessary to gain the compliance of the victim

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48
Q

what are the 3 core personality traits that are believed to define paths that lead to sexual offending as determined by Knight and Sims-Knight 3 path model
CAH

A

Callous unemotionality
Antisocial/Impulsivity
Hypersexuality/sexualisation

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49
Q

what are the 3 basic principles for effective interventions or treatment methods for offenders
RNR

A

Risk
Need
Responsivity

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50
Q

what are the 2 aspects of the risk principle of the RNR model of intervention

A

Assumes that criminal behaviour can be predicted
Involved the notion that the levels of treatment should match the risk level of the offender

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51
Q

what does criminogenic mean

A

crime producing

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52
Q

what is hebephilia

A

when pedophilia includes ages 13-15

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53
Q

what is extrafamilial child molestation

A

sexual contact with immature family members by offenders from outside the family

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54
Q

what is paraphilia

A

Persistent and recurrent sexual interest in objects, activities or situations that are atypical in nature

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55
Q

what is frotteurism

A

strong sexual preferences for nonhuman objects

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56
Q

what is exhibitionism

A

exposing genitals to nonconsenting persons

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57
Q

what is voyeurism

A

spying on others engaging in private activities

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58
Q

what 3 factors does the form of sexual contact depend on
DAN

A

Degree to which the offender has previous nonsexual interactions with children
Age of each
Nature of the relationship between child and offender

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59
Q

what are the 3 conclusions drawn about the psychological effects of child sexual victimisation
YTT

A

Younger children appear to be more vulnerable to trauma
The closer the relationship between offender and victim, the greater the trauma
The greater the force used, the greater the trauma

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60
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of Child sex offenders
CABINS

A

Cognitive distortions
Age and gender
Background
Interpersonal and intimacy deficits
Neurocognitive functions
Selection of victims

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61
Q

what is emotional congruence with children (ECWC)

A

The beliefs and attitudes of many CSOs that relationships with children are more emotionally and socially satisfying than relationships with adults

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62
Q

what are the 2 types of CSOs

A

Typical CSO whose main interest is sexual contact with children
Psychopathic CSO whose main sexual interest is not children

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63
Q

what are the 2 risk assessment tools

A

RRASOR
Static-99

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64
Q

what does RRASOR stand for

A

the Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offender Recidivism

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65
Q

what 4 things does the RRASOR assess
WAPE

A

Whether any victims were unrelated to the offender
Age
Prior sexual arrests
Every male victim

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66
Q

what is the RRASOR

A

it assesses 4 items and rates them on a scale from 0-6

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67
Q

what is the static-99

A

a 10 item risk assessment

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68
Q

what are the 4 major patterns found among male child sex offenders
FARE… CSO

A

Fixated (immature)
Aggressive (sadistic)
Regressed
Exploitative

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69
Q

what are the 6 aspects for the typology of female sex offenders
HHFAYN

A

Heterosexual nurturers
Homosexual criminals
Female sex predators
Aggressive homosexual offenders
Young adult child exploiters
Noncriminal homosexual offenders

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70
Q

what are the 3 reasons why it is difficult to estimate the number of human trafficked victims

A

There is currently no uniform system for collecting the data
Victims are generally fearful of retribution from their traffickers if they report their victimisation
Victims tend to be highly distrustful of authorities because they may be runaways or undocumented immigrants

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71
Q

what are the 4 categories of stalking
SLEV

A

Simple obsession
Love obsession
Erotomania
Vengeance

72
Q

what are the 2 categories of hostage-taking offenders based on their primary motivation

A

Instrumental and expressive

73
Q

what are the 4 broad categories of hostage-takers according to the FBI
TPCM

A

Terrorists
Prisoners
Criminals
Mentally disordered

74
Q

what are the 12 guidelines for hostage negotiation
STADABNNNDDD

A

Stabilize and contain the situation
Take time when negotiating
Allow subject to speak
Dont offer subject anything
Avoid directing frequent attention to victim
Be as honest as possible
Never dismiss a request as trivial
Never say no
Never set a deadline
Do not make alternate suggestions
Do not introduce outsiders into the negotiation process
Do not allow any exchange of hostages

75
Q

what are the 3 aspects of Stratton’s typology of hostage takers
MSC

A

Mentally disordered
Social, political or religious
Criminal

76
Q

what are the 5 aspects of Kobetz’s typology of hostage takers
RAMPH

A

Robber
Aeroplane hijackers
Mentally disordered
Prisoner
Hostage-taking of selected individuals

77
Q

what are the 4 emotional phases of the hostage experience
DRTR

A

Denial phase
Reality phase
Traumatic depression phase
Resolution and integration phase

78
Q

what is pathological transference

A

hostages start believing that their captors are actually giving them their lives which means the hostage takers are no longer a threat

79
Q

what are the 5 factors that contribute towards the development of pathological transference
NEWPS

A

Nature of the interaction
Ethnic and racial bond
Ways the hostages approach and respond to their captors
Period the hostage and captor spend together
Stockholm syndrome

80
Q

define preservation of dignity in terms of a hostage-taking situation

A

winning the respect of the captors and to make them aware that they are just another human being

81
Q

what are the 2 ways that hostages can achieve the preservation of dignity

A

Behave in a dignified manner and help other hostages to do the same
Control/suppress panic

82
Q

what are the 3 steps to surviving a hostage-taking situation
PEB

A

Preservation of dignity
Establishing a relationship with the captors
Behaviour in general

83
Q

what are 5 of the ways to establish a relationship with the captors in a hostage-taking situation
NNSAT

A

Never show any resistance
Never threaten the captors
Show co-operation by following instructions
Avoid arguments with the captors
Talk to the captors when there is an acceptable opportunity

84
Q

what are 5 of the behaviours that one should adopt in a hostage-taking situation
EETTA

A

Exercise regularly if possible
Eat the food given by the captors
Try keep a sense of humor
Try follow a routine and remain oriented with time, day and place
Attempts to escape shouldnt be made unless positive of success

85
Q

what 3 things must be present for Stockholm syndrome to take place
MMA

A

The hostage-taker MUST treat the hostage kindly
The hostage MUST be in direct social contact during the incident
The hostage-taker AND victim must be together for a significant time period

86
Q

define London Syndrome

A

Explicit and consistent resistance and refusal by hostages to do what captors expect during a hostage situation

87
Q

what are strain theories

A

the notion that crime is an outgrowth of weakness in the social structure

88
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Origins of social structure theory and anomie

89
Q

according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 3 basic determinants of suicide

A

Religion
Martial status
Economic conditions

90
Q

according to Emile Durkheim, what are the 4 categories of suicide
AAFE

A

Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic
Egoistic

91
Q

define anomie

A

a state in society in which norms are no longer effective in regulating behaviour

92
Q

what causes anomie

A

a disjunction between people’s aspirations and their ability to achieve goals (a state of normlessness)

93
Q

Robert K. Merton

A

Social structure and anomie

94
Q

what did Merton postulise

A

societies have a cultural system that indicates values and goals and means for achieving these goals

95
Q

what 5 individual modes of adaptation did Merton identify
CIRRR

A

Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion

96
Q

Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin

A

Opportunity theory

97
Q

what is the opportunity theory as proposed by Cloward and Ohlin

A

The delinquent activities that one becomes involved in are a function of the delinquent opportunities that are available to the person

98
Q

what are the 3 types of criminal gangs (Cloward and Ohlin)
CCR

A

Criminal
Conflict
Retreatist

99
Q

with regards to the criminal gang, what are the 3 ways in which the neighbourhood provides illegitimate opportunity structures (Cloward and Ohlin)

A

Close bonds
Different age levels of delinquents
Criminal and conventional elements

100
Q

Robert Agnew

A

General strain theory

101
Q

what are the 4 criticisms that that have caused the decline in the popularity of social strain theory (Agnew)
FINF

A

Focus on lower-class delinquents
Inability to account for why only some people who experience strain to criminal activity
Neglect of goals other than middle class status and financial gain
Faulire to consider barriers to achievement other than social class

102
Q

according to Robert Agnew, what are the 3 types of strain inducing stimuli
FRP

A

Failure to achieve one’s goals
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presence of negatively valued stimuli

103
Q

what are the 3 expanded discussion on the role of various types of strain that contribute to criminal behaviour as proposed by Agnew
NOD

A

Not all strain is expected to produce criminal response
Objective strains and Subjective strains
Delineating 4 characteristics of strain related to crime

104
Q

what are the 4 descriptions of strain related to crime (Agnew)
WWSS

A

When strain is seen as unjust, it is more likely to cause anger
When strain is high in magnitude or severity it is more likely to result in criminal response
Strains associated with low social control are more likely to lead to crime
Strain is associated with criminal outcome when criminal activity is seen as means to reduce strain

105
Q

what 7 strains should increase criminal activity (Agnew)
CCCPATH

A

Child abuse
Criminal victimisation
Child abuse or neglect
Parental rejection
abusive peer relations
The failure to achieve core goals that are easily achieved through crime
Homelessness

106
Q

what 4 strains should not increase the likelihood of crime (Agnew)
FUBE

A

Failure to achieve goals that are difficult to achieve through illegitimate means
Unpopularity/isolation
Burdens associated with the care of others whom one is strongly attached to
Excessive demands of conventional jobs that are well rewarded

107
Q

what are the 3 cognitive coping strategies that people can invoke (Agnew)

A

Minimizing the importance of the goals
Minimizing negative outcomes
Accepting responsibiling

108
Q

Albert K. Cohen

A

School of failure and Delinquent subcultures (Subculture theories)

109
Q

what are the 5 techniques of neutralisation or justification of delinquent behaviour
DDDCA

A

Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of the victim
Condemnation of condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties

110
Q

Walter Reckless

A

Containment theory

111
Q

what are the 2 reinforcing elements of the containment theory (reckless)

A

an inner control system
an outer control system

112
Q

what are the 4 elements of the containment theory (Reckless)
IOIT

A

Ingredients of containment as self-components
Outer containment/ external regulators
Internal pushes
The pulls of environment

113
Q

Travis Hirschi

A

Social control and bonding theory

114
Q

what did hirschi link delinquent behaviour to

A

the quality of the bond an individual maintains in society

115
Q

what 4 elements is the social bond made up of
BICA

A

Belief
Involvement
Commitment
Attachment

116
Q

Michael Gottdredson and travis hirschi

A

Self control theory

117
Q

Edwin Sutherland

A

Differential association theory

118
Q

Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers

A

Deferential reinforcement theory

119
Q

Daniel Glaser

A

Differential identification and differential anticipation

120
Q

what is the deferential reinforcement theory (Burgess and Akers)

A

a revision of Sutherland’s work that utilizes the central concepts and principles of modern behaviourism

121
Q

the differential identification and differential anticipation theory (Glaser) argues that people are likely to engage in behaviours that they expect to obtain the greates rewards and the least punishment. these expectations are derived from what 3 sources
DPS

A

Differential learning
Perceived opportunities
Social bonds

122
Q

Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard becker

A

Labelling perspectives

123
Q

Frank Tannenbaum

A

The dramatization of evil

124
Q

what is the dramatization of evil (Tannenbaum)

A

the process where a juvenile comes to the attention of authorities and is labelled as different from other juveniles.
this produces a change in how the individual handles the justice system and how they view themselves

125
Q

Edwin Lemert

A

Primary and secondary deviation

126
Q

what is primary deviation (Lemert)

A

The individual’s behaviour

127
Q

what is secondary deviation (Lemert)

A

Society’s response to an individuals behaviour

128
Q

what are the 8 stages of the process of becoming deviant (Lemert)
PSFSFCSU

A

Primary deviation
Social penalties
Further primary deviation
Stronger penalties and rejection
Further deviation
Crisis reached in the tolerance quotient
Strengthening of the deviant conduct
Ultimate acceptance of deviant social status and efforts

129
Q

Ruth Triplett and G. Jarjoura

A

Formal and Informal labelling
Subjective and Objective labels
Exclusive and inclusive social reactions

130
Q

what are formal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

The reactions by official agents of the justice system to illegal behaviours

131
Q

what are informal labels (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

an attempt to characterise a person as a given type by person’s who are not acting as official social control agents (parents, friends, etc.)

132
Q

what is an objective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

An audience reaction

133
Q

what is a subjective label (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

An actors interpretation of the reaction

134
Q

What are inclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

attempts at social control whereby the rule-breaker will continue to be an ordinary member of the community

135
Q

what are exclusive social reactions (Triplett and Jarjoura)

A

attempts at social control which operates to reject the rule-breaker from the group and revoke his privileges and status

136
Q

Everett Hughes and Becker

A

Master status and retrospective interpretation

137
Q

what is master status (Hughes and Becker)

A

conveys the notion that there are certain traits to people’s identities blinding us to their other characteristics

138
Q

what is retrospective interpretation (Hughes and Becker)

A

provides us with an idea of how identities can be constructed to fit a new label

139
Q

what are the 5 underlying assumptions on which different criminologies are based
DDTTT

A

Definition of crime
Determinism vs Agency
The nature of human nature
The nature of society
The nature of reality

140
Q

what are the 2 primary classes in any capitalist society

A

The bourgeoisie (Capitalist ruling class)
The proletariat (Working class)

141
Q

George Vold

A

Group conflict theory

142
Q

what is the group conflict theory (Vold)

A

Groups come into conflict with one another as the interests and purposes they serve begin to overlap and encroach. when this happens, each group defends itself

143
Q

what 4 kinds of crime did Vold’s theory explain most appropriately
PLDR

A

crime arising from POLITICAL PROTEST
crime resulting from LABOUR DISPUTES
crime arising from DISPUTES BETWEEN AND WITHIN COMPETING UNIONS
crime arising from RACIAL AND ETHNIC CLASHES

144
Q

Austin Turk

A

Crime and the legal order

145
Q

Richard Quinney

A

The social reality of crime

146
Q

what are the 6 propositions and associated axioms that outline Quinney’s social reality of crime theoy
DFADCT

A

Definition of crime
Formulation of criminal definitions
Application of criminal definitions
Development of behaviour pattern in relation to criminal definitions
Construction of criminal conceptions
The social reality of crime

147
Q

Jody Miller

A

Feminist criminology

148
Q

what is the age crime curve

A

indicates when a population of youth starts to engage in offending, at what age the largest proportion of youth engages in offences, and in which period much resistance takes place

149
Q

what are the 2 ways the age-crime curve can be reduced

A

by lowering the peak of the curve
by lowering the base of the curve

150
Q

Sampson and Laub

A

Developmental model

151
Q

what is the developmental model as proposed by Sampson and Laub

A

assumes that early antisocial tendencies are often linked to later adult criminal offending

152
Q

which 2 types of people are concealed by juvenile delinquency

A

Large group who participate in antisocial behaviour during adolescence
Smaller group whose antisocial behaviour continues into adulthood

153
Q

what are the 2 hypothetical types of antisocial youths

A

life-course persistent
adolescence limited

154
Q

what are the 5 manifestations of life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour
BSSRF

A

Biting and hitting (4)
Shoplifting and truancy (10)
Selling drugs and stealing cars (16)
Robbery and rape (22)
Fraud and child abuse (30)

155
Q

what 2 types of interactions may help to explain the life-course-persistent individual’s behaviour

A

Reactive interaction
Proactive interaction

156
Q

what 4 empirical oberservations must a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency account for
MRWL

A

Modal onset in early adolescence
Recovery by young adulthood
Widespread prevalence
Lack on continuity

157
Q

what are the 4 critical features of adolescent development
VIBD

A

Variability in biological age
Increasing importance of peer relationships
Budding of teenager’s self-conscious values, attitudes and aspirations
Developmental tasks form the building blocks for a theory of adolescence-limited delinquency

158
Q

what are the 4 hypothetical reinforcers for delinquency?
DPFT

A

Damaging the quality of intimacy and communication with parents
Provoking responses from adults in positions of authority
Finding ways to look older
Tempting fate

159
Q

according to the adolescence-limited delinquency theory, what are the 5 factors as to why some adolescents don’t commit any antisocial behaviour
DAPEA

A

Delayed puberty
Access to roles that are respected by adults
Personal characteristics that exclude them from antisocial peer networks
Environments that limit opportunities for learning about delinquency
All of the above

160
Q

Georgia Zara

A

Adult-onset offending (21+)

161
Q

what does DLC stand for

A

Developmental/ life course criminology

162
Q

what is the DLC

A

focuses on how antisocial and criminal activity waxes and wanes across the life course

163
Q

Elliot

A

Integrated model

164
Q

what is the integrated model as proposed by Elliot

A

the first major perspective proposed that attempted to merge various traditionally separate theories of crime

165
Q

Braithwaite

A

Theory of reintegrative shaming

166
Q

what is the theory of reintegrative shaming as proposed by Braithwaite

A

proposes the synthesis of several traditionally separate theories

167
Q

what 2 constructs ensures the effectiveness of the Japanese system of crime control

A

Interdependency and Communitarianism

168
Q

John Fuller

A

Peacemaking criminology

169
Q

what is peacemaking criminology as proposed by John Fuller

A

takes issue with conventional criminology and attempts to bridge the gap between individual responsibility and societal influence

170
Q

what are the 3 influential traditions that contribute to peacemaking criminology (Fuller)

A

Religious and humanist
Feminist
Critical

171
Q

what are the 6 stages of Fuller’s peacemaking pyramid paradigm that must be considered when fashioning solutions to the problems of the CJS
NSICAC

A

Nonviolence
Social justice
Inclusion
Correct means
Ascertainable criteria
Categorical imperative

172
Q

What does VORPs stand for

A

Victim-offender Reconciliation Programs

173
Q

what is the purpose of VORPs

A

the victim and the offender are allowed to resolve the conflict with the aid of a trained third-party mediator prior to processing the formal CJS

174
Q

what does SAT stand for

A

Situational Action theory

175
Q

what does the SAT propose

A

a person’s crime propensity depends on their morality and ability to exercise self-control, and that a setting’s criminogenic features depends on its moral context

176
Q

Marl Covin and John Pauly

A

An integrated structuralist-marxist theory of delinquency production

3rd Year (9 decks)

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