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3rd Year > KRM 310 Sem test 2 > Flashcards

KRM 310 Sem test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are just-worlders

A

people that believe that the world is a just place where people get what they deserve

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2
Q

what are the 2 tracks of the just-world theory

A

Beliefs in general just-world
Beliefs in personal just-world

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3
Q

what should a scientific theory of crime provide

A

a general explanation that encompasses and connects many different social, economic, and psychological variables to criminal behaviour

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4
Q

what is the process of theory testing called

A

theory verification

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5
Q

define theory falsification

A

the end result of theory testing proposition not verified

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6
Q

define classical theory

A

the theoretical thinking, which emphasizes free will as a hallmark of human behaviour. it says that individuals are their own masters of their fate, free will and freedom of choice

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7
Q

define deterrence theory

A

people will avoid committing crime if the punishment is great enough (the modern form of the classical theory)

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8
Q

define positivist theory

A

free will cannot be the major explanation for our behaviour. Antecedents determine how we will act and human behaviour is governed by casual laws

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9
Q

what are the 3 major perspectives on human nature

A

Conformity
Nonconformist
Learning perspective

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10
Q

describe conformity as a perspective on human nature

A

views humans as creatures who want to do the right thing, they are influenced by the values and attitudes of society

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11
Q

what is the strain theory and who proposed it

A

Merton (a conformity theory)
members of a society desire what other members of the society desire and strain occurs when there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and the availability of the means for reaching these goals

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12
Q

describe nonconformity as a perspective on human nature

A

human beings are undisciplined creatures who, without the constraints of the rules and regulations of a society, would disregard society’s conventions and commit crime

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13
Q

what is the social control theory and who proposed it

A

Hirschi (a nonconformity theory)
crime and delinquency occur when an individual’s ties to the conventional order are weak or nonexistent

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14
Q

describe the learning perspective as a perspective on human nature

A

human beings are born neutral and subject to developmental changes throughout their life course. humans learn all their behaviour, beliefs, and tendencies from the social environment

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15
Q

what is the social learning theory and who proposed it

A

Bandura (a learning perspective theory)
Imitation of models and reinforcements one gain’s from one’s behaviour

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16
Q

what is the differential association theory and who proposed it

A

Sutherland (a learning perspective theory)
Criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions with other people

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17
Q

what are the 3 disciplinary perspective of criminology

A

Sociological
Psychological
Psychiatric

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18
Q

what are the 4 approaches of psychological criminology
CBDD

A

Cognitive approach
Biological/neurological approach
Developmental approach
Dispositions or traits; profiling

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19
Q

what are the 2 reasons for aggression

A

To defend the self, family or territory
As a response to aggressive models and actions from society

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of aggression

A

Hostile/expressive aggression
Instrumental/proactive aggression

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21
Q

what is hostile/expressive aggression

A

impulsive and spontaneous aggression in response to provocation and threat. offenders goal is to make victim suffer

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22
Q

what is instrumental/proactive aggression

A

planned and used as a tool for a specific purpose/to obtain a goal

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23
Q

what are the 4 components of violence
HUNI

A

Harmful
Unwanted
Non-essential
Intentional

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24
Q

what are the 9 theoretical perspectives on aggression
EECAPSDFW

A

Ethological viewpoints
Excitation transfer theory
Cognitive-neoassociation model
Aggressive driving and road rage
Psychoanalytic/dynamic viewpoint
Social learning factors
Displaced aggression theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Weapons effect

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25
Q

What are the 4 cognitive models of aggression
CHIG

A

Cognitive scripts model
Hostile attribution model
I^3 theory of aggression
General aggression model (GAM)

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26
Q

what are the 3 I’s of the I^3 theory of aggression

A

Instigating trigger
Impelling forces
Inhibiting forces

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27
Q

what is overt aggression

A

direct confrontation with victims and the administration/threats of physical harm

28
Q

what is covert aggression

A

no direct confrontation and relies on concealment, dishonesty, or hiding aggressive behaviour and nefarious intent

29
Q

define reactive aggression

A

violence as a response to provocation or an unanticipated occurrence

30
Q

define proactive aggression

A

actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal

31
Q

what 3 social-cognitive structures have long-term relations been ascribed to acquisition through observation learning

A

Schemas about a hostile world
Scripts for social problem-solving that focus on aggression
Normative beliefs that aggression is acceptable

32
Q

what are the 2 types of copycats

A

School-shooter copycats
Copycat terrorist (domestic)

33
Q

define psychopath

A

a person who demonstrates a discernable cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish that person from the general population

34
Q

what are the 3 categories of psychopaths

A

Primary
Secondary
Dyssocial

35
Q

define antisocial personality disorder

A

a disorder characterised by continuous behaviour in which the rights of others are violated

36
Q

what are the 3 features of antisocial personality disorder

A

Repetitive lying
Impulsiveness
Disregard for the safety of others

37
Q

what are 6 other principle traits of psychopaths
SSIIAA

A

Semantic aphasia
Selfish
Impulsive
Inability to show love and affection
Absence of guilt and remorse
Ability to manipulate

38
Q

what does PCL-R stand for

A

Psychopathy Checklist

39
Q

what is the PCL-R

A

a 20-item checklist used to measure psychopathy where each item is rated 0-2.
it assesses the emotional, interpersonal, behavioural, and social deviance facets of psychopathy from various sources

40
Q

define factor analysis

A

a mathematical procedure used to make sense of a vast array of variables

41
Q

what are the 3 different kinds of positions relating to psychopathy

A

2-factor position
3-factor position
4-factor position

42
Q

what are the 2 factors included in the 2-factor position

A

1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle

43
Q

what are the 3 factors included in the 3 factor position

A

1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics

44
Q

what are the 4 factors included in the 4 factor position

A

1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics
4- antisocial behaviour

45
Q

what are the 3 dimensions of the Triarchic psychopathy model (TriPM)

A

Meanness
Disinhibition
Boldness

46
Q

define dark triad

A

a cluster of personality traits that are associated with criminal psychopathy

47
Q

what are the 3 personalities included in the dark triad

A

Psychopathy
Narcissism
Machiavelianism

48
Q

what are the 4 personalities included in the dark tetrad

A

Psychopathy
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Sadism

49
Q

what is hemisphere asymmetry and deficiency regarding psychopathy

A

criminal psychopaths manifest an abnormal balance between the 2 brain hemispheres which affects language processing and arousal states.

50
Q

define executive functions

A

higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behaviour

51
Q

what are frontal neuropsychological studies regarding psychopathy

A

research indicates that prefrontal damage results in poor decision-making, reduced autonomic functioning, and a psychopathic-like personality

52
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic

53
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

54
Q

what does SCR stand for

A

Skin conductance response

55
Q

what is the SCR

A

it is a physiological indicator of emotional arousal
it measures the resistance of the skin to conducting electrical current

56
Q

define avoidance learning

A

the process whereby someone responds in time to a warning signal in order to avoid painful or aversive stimuli

57
Q

what are the 4 categories of mental disorders that are most relevant to crime
MABS

A

Major depressive disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Bipolar disorder
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

58
Q

what are the 2 mental disorders that can be used as defenses in court

A

PTSD
Dissociative identity disorder

59
Q

what is the other name for dissociative identity disorder

A

Multiple personality disorder

60
Q

what are the 2 classifications of amnesia

A

Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia

61
Q

what are the 2 kinds of amnesia

A

Localized
Generalized

62
Q

what does the ICT stand for and who developed it

A

The multiple Iterative Classification Tree
developed by the MacArthur Research network

63
Q

what is the ICT

A

a risk assessment instrument that helps clinicians identify low, average, and high-risk individuals

64
Q

what are the 3 stages of risk assessment

A

Identify
Assess
Manage

65
Q

what are the 3 risk assessments

A

Unstructured clinical
Structured professional judgement (SPJ)
Actuarial approach

3rd Year (12 decks)

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