KRM 310 Sem test 2 Flashcards
what are just-worlders
people that believe that the world is a just place where people get what they deserve
what are the 2 tracks of the just-world theory
Beliefs in general just-world
Beliefs in personal just-world
what should a scientific theory of crime provide
a general explanation that encompasses and connects many different social, economic, and psychological variables to criminal behaviour
what is the process of theory testing called
theory verification
define theory falsification
the end result of theory testing proposition not verified
define classical theory
the theoretical thinking, which emphasizes free will as a hallmark of human behaviour. it says that individuals are their own masters of their fate, free will and freedom of choice
define deterrence theory
people will avoid committing crime if the punishment is great enough (the modern form of the classical theory)
define positivist theory
free will cannot be the major explanation for our behaviour. Antecedents determine how we will act and human behaviour is governed by casual laws
what are the 3 major perspectives on human nature
Conformity
Nonconformist
Learning perspective
describe conformity as a perspective on human nature
views humans as creatures who want to do the right thing, they are influenced by the values and attitudes of society
what is the strain theory and who proposed it
Merton (a conformity theory)
members of a society desire what other members of the society desire and strain occurs when there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and the availability of the means for reaching these goals
describe nonconformity as a perspective on human nature
human beings are undisciplined creatures who, without the constraints of the rules and regulations of a society, would disregard society’s conventions and commit crime
what is the social control theory and who proposed it
Hirschi (a nonconformity theory)
crime and delinquency occur when an individual’s ties to the conventional order are weak or nonexistent
describe the learning perspective as a perspective on human nature
human beings are born neutral and subject to developmental changes throughout their life course. humans learn all their behaviour, beliefs, and tendencies from the social environment
what is the social learning theory and who proposed it
Bandura (a learning perspective theory)
Imitation of models and reinforcements one gain’s from one’s behaviour
what is the differential association theory and who proposed it
Sutherland (a learning perspective theory)
Criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions with other people
what are the 3 disciplinary perspective of criminology
Sociological
Psychological
Psychiatric
what are the 4 approaches of psychological criminology
CBDD
Cognitive approach
Biological/neurological approach
Developmental approach
Dispositions or traits; profiling
what are the 2 reasons for aggression
To defend the self, family or territory
As a response to aggressive models and actions from society
what are the 2 types of aggression
Hostile/expressive aggression
Instrumental/proactive aggression
what is hostile/expressive aggression
impulsive and spontaneous aggression in response to provocation and threat. offenders goal is to make victim suffer
what is instrumental/proactive aggression
planned and used as a tool for a specific purpose/to obtain a goal
what are the 4 components of violence
HUNI
Harmful
Unwanted
Non-essential
Intentional
what are the 9 theoretical perspectives on aggression
EECAPSDFW
Ethological viewpoints
Excitation transfer theory
Cognitive-neoassociation model
Aggressive driving and road rage
Psychoanalytic/dynamic viewpoint
Social learning factors
Displaced aggression theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Weapons effect
What are the 4 cognitive models of aggression
CHIG
Cognitive scripts model
Hostile attribution model
I^3 theory of aggression
General aggression model (GAM)
what are the 3 I’s of the I^3 theory of aggression
Instigating trigger
Impelling forces
Inhibiting forces
what is overt aggression
direct confrontation with victims and the administration/threats of physical harm
what is covert aggression
no direct confrontation and relies on concealment, dishonesty, or hiding aggressive behaviour and nefarious intent
define reactive aggression
violence as a response to provocation or an unanticipated occurrence
define proactive aggression
actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal
what 3 social-cognitive structures have long-term relations been ascribed to acquisition through observation learning
Schemas about a hostile world
Scripts for social problem-solving that focus on aggression
Normative beliefs that aggression is acceptable
what are the 2 types of copycats
School-shooter copycats
Copycat terrorist (domestic)
define psychopath
a person who demonstrates a discernable cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish that person from the general population
what are the 3 categories of psychopaths
Primary
Secondary
Dyssocial
define antisocial personality disorder
a disorder characterised by continuous behaviour in which the rights of others are violated
what are the 3 features of antisocial personality disorder
Repetitive lying
Impulsiveness
Disregard for the safety of others
what are 6 other principle traits of psychopaths
SSIIAA
Semantic aphasia
Selfish
Impulsive
Inability to show love and affection
Absence of guilt and remorse
Ability to manipulate
what does PCL-R stand for
Psychopathy Checklist
what is the PCL-R
a 20-item checklist used to measure psychopathy where each item is rated 0-2.
it assesses the emotional, interpersonal, behavioural, and social deviance facets of psychopathy from various sources
define factor analysis
a mathematical procedure used to make sense of a vast array of variables
what are the 3 different kinds of positions relating to psychopathy
2-factor position
3-factor position
4-factor position
what are the 2 factors included in the 2-factor position
1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
what are the 3 factors included in the 3 factor position
1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics
what are the 4 factors included in the 4 factor position
1- Interpersonal and emotional components
2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics
4- antisocial behaviour
what are the 3 dimensions of the Triarchic psychopathy model (TriPM)
Meanness
Disinhibition
Boldness
define dark triad
a cluster of personality traits that are associated with criminal psychopathy
what are the 3 personalities included in the dark triad
Psychopathy
Narcissism
Machiavelianism
what are the 4 personalities included in the dark tetrad
Psychopathy
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Sadism
what is hemisphere asymmetry and deficiency regarding psychopathy
criminal psychopaths manifest an abnormal balance between the 2 brain hemispheres which affects language processing and arousal states.
define executive functions
higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behaviour
what are frontal neuropsychological studies regarding psychopathy
research indicates that prefrontal damage results in poor decision-making, reduced autonomic functioning, and a psychopathic-like personality
what are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
Somatic and autonomic
what are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
what does SCR stand for
Skin conductance response
what is the SCR
it is a physiological indicator of emotional arousal
it measures the resistance of the skin to conducting electrical current
define avoidance learning
the process whereby someone responds in time to a warning signal in order to avoid painful or aversive stimuli
what are the 4 categories of mental disorders that are most relevant to crime
MABS
Major depressive disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Bipolar disorder
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
what are the 2 mental disorders that can be used as defenses in court
PTSD
Dissociative identity disorder
what is the other name for dissociative identity disorder
Multiple personality disorder
what are the 2 classifications of amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
what are the 2 kinds of amnesia
Localized
Generalized
what does the ICT stand for and who developed it
The multiple Iterative Classification Tree
developed by the MacArthur Research network
what is the ICT
a risk assessment instrument that helps clinicians identify low, average, and high-risk individuals
what are the 3 stages of risk assessment
Identify
Assess
Manage
what are the 3 risk assessments
Unstructured clinical
Structured professional judgement (SPJ)
Actuarial approach
