KRM 310 Sem test 2

Question 1

what are just-worlders

Answer 1

people that believe that the world is a just place where people get what they deserve

Question 2

what are the 2 tracks of the just-world theory

Answer 2

Beliefs in general just-world
Beliefs in personal just-world

Question 3

what should a scientific theory of crime provide

Answer 3

a general explanation that encompasses and connects many different social, economic, and psychological variables to criminal behaviour

Question 4

what is the process of theory testing called

Answer 4

theory verification

Question 5

define theory falsification

Answer 5

the end result of theory testing proposition not verified

Question 6

define classical theory

Answer 6

the theoretical thinking, which emphasizes free will as a hallmark of human behaviour. it says that individuals are their own masters of their fate, free will and freedom of choice

Question 7

define deterrence theory

Answer 7

people will avoid committing crime if the punishment is great enough (the modern form of the classical theory)

Question 8

define positivist theory

Answer 8

free will cannot be the major explanation for our behaviour. Antecedents determine how we will act and human behaviour is governed by casual laws

Question 9

what are the 3 major perspectives on human nature

Answer 9

Conformity
Nonconformist
Learning perspective

Question 10

describe conformity as a perspective on human nature

Answer 10

views humans as creatures who want to do the right thing, they are influenced by the values and attitudes of society

Question 11

what is the strain theory and who proposed it

Answer 11

Merton (a conformity theory)
members of a society desire what other members of the society desire and strain occurs when there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and the availability of the means for reaching these goals

Question 12

describe nonconformity as a perspective on human nature

Answer 12

human beings are undisciplined creatures who, without the constraints of the rules and regulations of a society, would disregard society’s conventions and commit crime

Question 13

what is the social control theory and who proposed it

Answer 13

Hirschi (a nonconformity theory)
crime and delinquency occur when an individual’s ties to the conventional order are weak or nonexistent

Question 14

describe the learning perspective as a perspective on human nature

Answer 14

human beings are born neutral and subject to developmental changes throughout their life course. humans learn all their behaviour, beliefs, and tendencies from the social environment

Question 15

what is the social learning theory and who proposed it

Answer 15

Bandura (a learning perspective theory)
Imitation of models and reinforcements one gain’s from one’s behaviour

Question 16

what is the differential association theory and who proposed it

Answer 16

Sutherland (a learning perspective theory)
Criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions with other people

Question 17

what are the 3 disciplinary perspective of criminology

Answer 17

Sociological
Psychological
Psychiatric

Question 18

what are the 4 approaches of psychological criminology
CBDD

Answer 18

Cognitive approach
Biological/neurological approach
Developmental approach
Dispositions or traits; profiling

Question 19

what are the 2 reasons for aggression

Answer 19

To defend the self, family or territory
As a response to aggressive models and actions from society

Question 20

what are the 2 types of aggression

Answer 20

Hostile/expressive aggression
Instrumental/proactive aggression

Question 21

what is hostile/expressive aggression

Answer 21

impulsive and spontaneous aggression in response to provocation and threat. offenders goal is to make victim suffer

Question 22

what is instrumental/proactive aggression

Answer 22

planned and used as a tool for a specific purpose/to obtain a goal

Question 23

what are the 4 components of violence
HUNI

Answer 23

Harmful
Unwanted
Non-essential
Intentional

Question 24

what are the 9 theoretical perspectives on aggression
EECAPSDFW

Answer 24

Ethological viewpoints
Excitation transfer theory
Cognitive-neoassociation model
Aggressive driving and road rage
Psychoanalytic/dynamic viewpoint
Social learning factors
Displaced aggression theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Weapons effect

Question 25

What are the 4 cognitive models of aggression CHIG

Answer 25

Cognitive scripts model Hostile attribution model I^3 theory of aggression General aggression model (GAM)

Question 26

what are the 3 I's of the I^3 theory of aggression

Answer 26

Instigating trigger Impelling forces Inhibiting forces

Question 27

what is overt aggression

Answer 27

direct confrontation with victims and the administration/threats of physical harm

Question 28

what is covert aggression

Answer 28

no direct confrontation and relies on concealment, dishonesty, or hiding aggressive behaviour and nefarious intent

Question 29

define reactive aggression

Answer 29

violence as a response to provocation or an unanticipated occurrence

Question 30

define proactive aggression

Answer 30

actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal

Question 31

what 3 social-cognitive structures have long-term relations been ascribed to acquisition through observation learning

Answer 31

Schemas about a hostile world Scripts for social problem-solving that focus on aggression Normative beliefs that aggression is acceptable

Question 32

what are the 2 types of copycats

Answer 32

School-shooter copycats Copycat terrorist (domestic)

Question 33

define psychopath

Answer 33

a person who demonstrates a discernable cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish that person from the general population

Question 34

what are the 3 categories of psychopaths

Answer 34

Primary Secondary Dyssocial

Question 35

define antisocial personality disorder

Answer 35

a disorder characterised by continuous behaviour in which the rights of others are violated

Question 36

what are the 3 features of antisocial personality disorder

Answer 36

Repetitive lying Impulsiveness Disregard for the safety of others

Question 37

what are 6 other principle traits of psychopaths SSIIAA

Answer 37

Semantic aphasia Selfish Impulsive Inability to show love and affection Absence of guilt and remorse Ability to manipulate

Question 38

what does PCL-R stand for

Answer 38

Psychopathy Checklist

Question 39

what is the PCL-R

Answer 39

a 20-item checklist used to measure psychopathy where each item is rated 0-2. it assesses the emotional, interpersonal, behavioural, and social deviance facets of psychopathy from various sources

Question 40

define factor analysis

Answer 40

a mathematical procedure used to make sense of a vast array of variables

Question 41

what are the 3 different kinds of positions relating to psychopathy

Answer 41

2-factor position 3-factor position 4-factor position

Question 42

what are the 2 factors included in the 2-factor position

Answer 42

1- Interpersonal and emotional components 2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle

Question 43

what are the 3 factors included in the 3 factor position

Answer 43

1- Interpersonal and emotional components 2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle 3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics

Question 44

what are the 4 factors included in the 4 factor position

Answer 44

1- Interpersonal and emotional components 2- Socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle 3- the emotional, shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy characteristics 4- antisocial behaviour

Question 45

what are the 3 dimensions of the Triarchic psychopathy model (TriPM)

Answer 45

Meanness Disinhibition Boldness

Question 46

define dark triad

Answer 46

a cluster of personality traits that are associated with criminal psychopathy

Question 47

what are the 3 personalities included in the dark triad

Answer 47

Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavelianism

Question 48

what are the 4 personalities included in the dark tetrad

Answer 48

Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavellianism Sadism

Question 49

what is hemisphere asymmetry and deficiency regarding psychopathy

Answer 49

criminal psychopaths manifest an abnormal balance between the 2 brain hemispheres which affects language processing and arousal states.

Question 50

define executive functions

Answer 50

higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behaviour

Question 51

what are frontal neuropsychological studies regarding psychopathy

Answer 51

research indicates that prefrontal damage results in poor decision-making, reduced autonomic functioning, and a psychopathic-like personality

Question 52

what are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 52

Somatic and autonomic

Question 53

what are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 53

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 54

what does SCR stand for

Answer 54

Skin conductance response

Question 55

what is the SCR

Answer 55

it is a physiological indicator of emotional arousal it measures the resistance of the skin to conducting electrical current

Question 56

define avoidance learning

Answer 56

the process whereby someone responds in time to a warning signal in order to avoid painful or aversive stimuli

Question 57

what are the 4 categories of mental disorders that are most relevant to crime MABS

Answer 57

Major depressive disorder Antisocial personality disorder Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

Question 58

what are the 2 mental disorders that can be used as defenses in court

Answer 58

PTSD Dissociative identity disorder

Question 59

what is the other name for dissociative identity disorder

Answer 59

Multiple personality disorder

Question 60

what are the 2 classifications of amnesia

Answer 60

Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia

Question 61

what are the 2 kinds of amnesia

Answer 61

Localized Generalized

Question 62

what does the ICT stand for and who developed it

Answer 62

The multiple Iterative Classification Tree developed by the MacArthur Research network

Question 63

what is the ICT

Answer 63

a risk assessment instrument that helps clinicians identify low, average, and high-risk individuals

Question 64

what are the 3 stages of risk assessment

Answer 64

Identify Assess Manage

Question 65

what are the 3 risk assessments

Answer 65

Unstructured clinical Structured professional judgement (SPJ) Actuarial approach