Sleep W23 Part 1 Flashcards
Describe the 3 ways one can study sleep
- EEG (electroencephalogram) = measure electrical activity in the brain
- EMG (electromyography) = measure the muscle tone of the face
- EOG (electrooculogram) = measures eye movement
Describe the 3 initial stages of sleep measured by an EEG
Stage 1 = low voltage and a high-frequency signal that is only slightly slower than alert wakefulness
stage 2 = higher voltage and a lower-frequency signal that also contains K complexes and sleep spindles
Stage 3 = highest voltage and the lowest frequency signal
Match the following
a) alpha waves
b) beta waves
c) theta waves
d) delta waves
1. 1-2 Hz
2. 3-8 Hz
3. 8-12 Hz
4. >12 Hz
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 1
This image is showing which of the following?
a) alert wakefulness
b) just before sleep
c) stage 1
d) stage 2
e) stage 3
a
This image is showing which of the following?
a) alert wakefulness
b) just before sleep
c) stage 1
d) stage 2
e) stage 3
b
This image is showing which of the following?
a) alert wakefulness
b) just before sleep
c) stage 1
d) stage 2
e) stage 3
c
This image is showing which of the following?
a) alert wakefulness
b) just before sleep
c) stage 1
d) stage 2
e) stage 3
d
This image is showing which of the following?
a) alert wakefulness
b) just before sleep
c) stage 1
d) stage 2
e) stage 3
e
Which of the following wavelengths are measured during REM sleep?
a) alpha
b) beta
c) theta
d) delta
e) omega
c
Which of the following wavelengths are measured during SWS sleep?
a) alpha
b) beta
c) theta
d) delta
e) omega
d
During REM sleep describe what you would find for the following types of measurement
a) EEG
b) EOG
c) EMG
a) emergent stage 1 = high frequency and low voltage
b) rapid eye movement
c) lack of core-muscle tone
Match the following
a) REM sleep
b) NREM sleep
c) SWS sleep
1. initial stage 1
2. stage 2
3. stage 3
4. emergent stage 1
a) 4
b) 1, 2, 3
c) 3
describe the following
a) REM sleep
b) NREM sleep
c) SWS sleep
a) rapid eye movement = fast eye movement and lack of core-muscle tone
b) non-rapid eye movement = the stages of sleep that don’t have fast eye movement
c) slow-wave sleep = the stage of sleep that has the slowest yet largest waves (high voltage but low frequency)
Stage 2 has theta waves. These waves have 2 specific characteristics, describe them
- K complexes = large negative wave (upward deflection) followed by a large positive wave (downward deflection)
- sleep spindle = a short burst of high frequency (11-15 Hz) waves w/in a 0.5-2 second period
fill in the image
yellow = stage 2
green = sleep spindle
blue = K complex
We know that REM sleep is associated w/ rapid eye movement and occurs during the emergent stage 1 but what are 5 other characteristics?
- loss of core muscle tone
- INC of cerebral activity
- INC ANS activiation
- sexual arousal
- complex dreams
What are the 5 common beliefs about dreaming?
- that some external stimuli are more likely to be incorporated into dreams
- dreams run in real-time or slightly slower
- ppl who don’t dream will still undergo REM sleep and will report dreaming when woken from REM sleep
- there is no special association b/w getting an erection during REM sleep and sexual content while dreaming
- REM sleep is not especially associated w/ sleepwalking or talking
Provide why REM sleep doesn’t always = Dreaming
- dreaming can occur during NREM sleep
- NREM dreams and REM dreams are similar
- you can dissociate REM sleep vs dreaming
What is a lucid dream?
the ability to be aware that you are dreaming when in the midst of a dream and thus sometimes allowing you to control the contents of the dream
What are 3 methods that can INC the likelihood of lucid dreaming?
- electrically stimulating the frontal and temporal lobes
- cognitive training
- administration of AcH agonists
What are the 2 key findings that have emerged from ream research wrt content of dreams
- influenced by personal exp while awake
- anxiety influences the emotional content of dreams
During REM sleep the cerebral cortex is ‘bombarded’ by _____ neural signals from the brain stem
a) some
b) many
c) random
d) none
e) specific
c
Describe Hobson’s activation-synthesis theory
the idea that dreams are the cortex’s attempt to make sense of the random signals that are sent to the cerebral cortex from the brain stem
Describe the 2 types of theories that attempt to explain the purpose of sleeping
- recuperation theories = the idea that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis thus sleep fxns to restore it
- adaptation (circadian) theories = sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation + fxns to converse NRG
All of the following animals sleep an average of 8 hours except
a) humans
b) rabbits
c) guinea pigs
d) pigs
e) chimpanzees
e
T or F - all species of animals show some form of sleep
F - most but not all
T or F - the sleep of mammals and birds is similar to humans
T
How would sleep deprivation influences the following
a) recuperation theories
b) adaptation theories
a) the person will have less time to restore the stress induced on the body while the person is awake INC stress on the body physiologically
b) the organisms will be more susceptible to predation and have less NRG conserved (running on fumes)
In the Kleitman study of sleep deprivation w/ students, they found that the cycle of sleepiness did not grow worse after the _____ night
a) first
b) second
c) third
d) fourth
e) fifth
d
During Kleitmans’s sleep deprivation w/ students study which nights were found to contain the worst severity of sleepiness?
a) Nights 1 and 2 but not nights 3 or 4
b) night 2, 3, and 4 but not on night 1
c) experienced severe sleepiness during all 4 nights
d) nights 3 and 4 but not nights 1 and 2
e) didn’t feel sleepy any of the nights
c - night 1 started at 3 AM
What is the significance of Randy Gardner wrt sleep?
the person who broke the world record for the longest amount of time a human has gone w/out sleep -> 264.4 h
We know that Randy Gardner set the record by going 11 days and 25 minutes w/out sleep. What did he do after?
slept for 14 hours than was able to return to the usual 8 hours scheduled sleep
a) how many hours would you have to sleep in order to be considered moderately sleep deprived?
b) what are 3 influences of moderate sleep deprivation
a) 3 to 4 hours for 1 to 2 days
b)
1. sleepiness
2. mood disturbance
3. DEC on vigilance test and sustained attention
What are 5 physiological changes that occur during sleep deprivation in humans?
- DEC body temp
- INC BP
- DEC immune fxn
- hormonal changes
- metabolic changes
a) how many hours would you have to sleep in order to be considered severely sleep deprived?
b) what are 4 influences of moderate sleep deprivation
c) describe executive cognitive fxn. Provide 2 examples)
a) staying awake continuously for 3 to 4 days
b)
1. exp microsleeps
2. DEC tests of vigilance
3. DEC motor fxns
4. DEC executive cognitive fxns
c) complex cognitive abilities that rely on the prefrontal cortex (problem-solving, WM, decision making)
Describe the carousel apparatus for the following
a) experimental rat
b) toked control rat
a) once the rat falls asleep the platform rotates causing the rat to wall into the water
b) once the rat falls asleep the platform rotates however the rat can walk to avoid falling into the water
for the sleep deprivation study using the carousel apparatus ANS the following
a) how do the researchers know that the rat is falling asleep?
b) What is the result for the experimental rats? Why?
c) what are the results for the control rats? why?
a) using an EEG recording to measure the brain waves
b) death due to stress
c) alive due to lack of stress
All of the following are reasons we sleep except
a) in order to restore the stress that is put on the body while awake
b) protection from predators
c) NRG conservation
d) only a
e) all of the above are reasons
e
T or F - ppl who are sleep deprived become more efficient sleepers
T
Waking ppl up during ____ sleep causes little INC in sleepiness, but waking ppl up during ____ sleep has major effects
a) REM, SWS
b) REM, NREM
c) SWS, REM
d) NREM, SWS
e) SWS, NREM
a
What type of sleep is INC as a means of INC sleep efficiency for ppl who are sleep deprived
slow wave sleep = SWS
T or F - despite the INC in SWS proportion of ppl who are sleep deprived they will never feel as refreshed as someone who is not sleep deprived
F - they will due to regaining some sleep from that INC SWS
Describe the 3 long-term sleep deprivation studies discussed in LEC
- short-sleepers sleep less (more efficiently) while long-sleepers, sleep more (less efficiently)
- Webb + Agnew = volunteers lept for 5.5h/night for 60 days and showed now the mood, and medical of performance deficits
- reduction of sleep by 30mins every (2,3,4) wks until a certain number of hours is reached then remained for 1 year
