Emotion, Stress, and Health - Part 3 Flashcards
Describe the following types of stressors
a) positive
b) negative
a) stress full events that are rewarding
b) a stressful event as a result of a threatening sit
T or F - stress is an emotion
F - it is a response to a stressor
What is a stressor?
any stimuli that cause stress
provide an example for the following types of stressors
a) physical
b) social
c) cognitive
d) environmental
a) eating a large meal
b) bullying
c) studying for an exam
d) messing up the nest of a mouse or moving houses
Describe the following wrt stress
a) chronic
b) acute
c) repeated
a) constant over a long period of time
b) a stressor that only occurs once for a short period of time
c) a stressor that is repeated many times and interleaved w/ stress-free gaps
describe the classical view of stress response for the following
a) acute stressor
b) chronic stressor
a) the body temporarily immobilizes the NRG in preparation for its fight/flight/freeze
b) continuous release of cortisol resulting in an enlargement of the adrenal
glands
describe the general adaptation syndrome. Provide an example.
the adaptive fxns that the body takes in order to return back to normal after exp a stressor -> homeostasis
What are the 3 steps to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)?
- the hypothalamus releases CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor) [CRH]
- the anterior pit releases both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and
beta-endorphin - the adrenal gland w/in the adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids such as
cortisol
What are the 4 metabolic effects of glucocorticoids?
- enhances the expression of enzymes that are associated w/ glucoeogenesis
(production of glucose) - gathers AAs from extraheptic tissues to be used as substrates for glucoegenesis
- INC blood glucose by inhibiting the it uptake
- stimulates adipose tissue/fat break down
label the two-sys view of the stress response
yellow = adrenal cortex
green = glucocorrticoids
blue = adrenal medulla
pink = epinephrine + NE
adrenal gland = adrenal _____ + adrenal _______?
cortex and medulla
What part of the adrenal gland releases cortisol?
adrenal cortex
What is the purpose of having high blood glucose during a stressful event?
this is the ensure that NRG is available for whatever stress response is needed
We know that when under stress the brain causes an INC of glucocorticoid release. But what else does it do? Why?
the brain activates the sympathetic NS which causes the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine which are used to stimulate certain parts of the body in order to actually undergo the fight/flight/freeze
what are the 2 responses that stressors activate? Describe each
- SNS = the motor nerves needed in order to carry out the response
- HPA axis = INC available NRG so those motor nerves can do their job
we know that in times of stress, the body not only mobilizes NRG but also stimulates the sympathetic nervous sys. But does this change if the stress is
psychological?
no, the type of stressor does not change the physiological response however, it does changes one’s behavioral stress response
What types of response is the periaqueductal gray associated w/?
defensive response
describe the 4 physical stressors used in animal models
- restraint = physically restricting the movement/trapping the animal
- pain = pricking the feet of the animal as they travel to get food
- temperature = keeping the animal in an area that has very high/low temperature
- aggressive attacks = exposing a new animal to the alpha of a pack where they will be bullied
describe the 4 psychological stressors used in animal models
- conditioned fear = pairing a tone w/ a shock and observing the behavior
- conditioned defeat = putting the animal in a puzzels that is impossible to solve such as being in a pool that has no exit
- subordination/psychosocial = observing the behaviour b/w the alpha and the subordinate of a group
- learned helplessness = putting the animal in a puzzle that is impossible to solve until they give up
What are the following psychological stressors used in animal models used for?
a) conditioned fear
b) learned helplessness
a) used to study PTSD by observing the animals that have been conditioned behavior after providing cues that remind them of that fearful event
b) used as a measure of depression in the animals as animals that give up earlier are more depressed
Describe psychosomatic disorders. provide 3 examples
medical disorders caused by psychological factors -> heart disease, asthma, skin disorders, gastric ulcers
ANS the following wrt gastric ulcers
a) What are they?
b) What type of psychological factor is this associated w/?
c) What is the significance of helicobacter pylori?
d) how does the psychological factor influence this?
a) they are open lesions to the lining of the stomach
b) stress
c) a type of bacteria that can eat away at the lining of the stomach
d) stress makes the lining of the stomach vulnerable to bacteria due to the fact that cortisol release tends to deactivate the immune response
Describe the 3 lines of defense for the immune sys
- behavioral = the behavior that is displayed to avoid infection in the first place (washing hands)
- innate = a general and quick-acting response that will occur no matter the pathogen involving inflammation and the attraction of phagocytes in order to engulf and identify the pathogen
- adaptive = a specific and slow-acting response that involves recognizing certain antigens and releasing specific antibodies
a) which line of defense wrt the immune sys triggers the release of cytokines?
b) what is the purpose of secreting cytokines?
a) innate = first line
b) it induces inflammation and attracts the phagocyte to the pathogen
what is the purpose of inflammation?
it removes bad stimuli and initiates the healing process
a) what are the 3 things that occur wrt cell-mediated immunity
b) describe antibody-mediate immunity
c) which line of immune sys defense are the above involved in?
a)T The phagocyte engulfs the antigen and displays it on the surface to attract T cells. Who then destroys all the infected body cells
b) The B-cells bind to the antigen in order to produce the antibodies which are then used to kill off the antigen. While the memory B-cells record and store the information about the antigen and antibody for future use
What is the significance of toll-like receptors?
bind to the surface of the pathogen and ‘sound the alarm’
T cells are also known as what?
T lymphocytes
B cells are also known as what?
B lymphpocytes
Describe what is happening in this image in 3 steps
- the macrophage/phagocyte recognizes the antigen due to the cytokines and engulfs it
- the macrophage displays the proteins of the antigen in order to attract the T-cells
- the T-cells proliferate/multiply and develop into a form that kills other infected cells
Describe what is happening in 3 steps
- the B-cells bind to the antigen
- the B-cells proliferate/multiply and release antibodies
- the antibodies bind to the antigens and destroy/inactivate them
fill in the blanks
yellow = antigen
green = macrophage/phagocyte
blue = receptor
pink = protein of the antigen
orange = T-cells
fill in the blanks
yellow = B-cell
green = antibodies
orange = antigen
lymphocytes are specialized _______ for the immune sys response
leukocytes
match the following
a) T/B cells have receptors for _____
b) lymphocytes have receptors for _____
1. NE
2. E
3. cortisol
a) 3
b) 1 + 2
Describe the following. How do these influence the immune sys?
a) eustress
b) distress
a) short-term stressors that are controllable and acute which enhance the immune sys
b) long-term stressors that are uncontrollable and either repeated or chronic which impairs the immune sys
Describe how stress actually influences the immune sys specifically
stress causes the release of glucocorticoids as well as NE + E. T/B cells have receptors for glucocorticoids and lymphocytes have receptors for NE + E thus they can directly influence these immune cells
What are lymphocytes?
white blood cells
Does stress INC susceptibility to infection disease directly?
not necessarily b/c the body is very good at compensating for changes due to stress and the immune sys has many redundant components (junk) thus INC the likelihood of a change having little impact
We know that stress may not directly make ppl more susceptible to infectious diseases so why is stress so heavily correlated to gastric ulcers?
While there is no direct correlation there is a strong link due to changes in behavior that may result in you being more susceptible such as a change in exercise or diet
What is enteric NS?
the tissue that lines the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon
ANS the following wrt the microbiome
a) where is it found?
b) is all bacteria from the microbiome good?
c) how does one gain a microbiome?
d) What is the significance?
e) what are 2 things that influence it?
a) gut
b) no but the good bacteria can act as a barrier against the bad
c) passed on through the vaginal tract (vaginal birth)
d) nutrient uptake and metabolism
e) diet and stress
describe the gut-brain axis
the communication b/w the gut and the brain
They found that germ-free mice appear to have a _____ release of cortisol which is ______ when they are introduced to bifidobacteria
a) high, reduced
b) high, enhanced
c) low, reduced
d) low, enhanced
a
T or F - b/w germ-free mice have a higher release of cortisol at baseline that cortisol level will continue to remain high throughout their life
F - it normalizes during adolescence
if germ-free mice are more anxious due to having a higher baseline release of cortisol why it is that they spend more time on the open area on the T-structure?
due to always being anxious they are less sensitive to stress
describe a germ-free (GF) mouse
a mouse that doesn’t have a microbiome (never interacted w/r bacteria)
Describe what happens to germ-free (GF) mice at the following
a) 4 weeks after birth
b) 6 weeks after birth
a) high baseline level of cortisol that normalizes during adolescents + they show an anxiolytic phenotype due to this high cortisol
b) have an enhanced cortisol response when undergoing restrained stress which is alleviated when provided bifobacteriato the gut
Describe the following
a) bifobacteria
b) anxiolytic phenotype
a) probiotics = a group of bacteria that normally lies w/in the GI tract
b) DEC anxiety like behaviours
