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PSYC3410 > J. Hormones and Sex - Part 1 > Flashcards

J. Hormones and Sex - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 types of glands that release hormones

A
  1. endocrine glands = release hormones directly into the BV
  2. exocrine glands = release hormones through ducts
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2
Q

a) What is a hormone?
b) What tends to release them?

A

a) a chemical released by one part of the body that affects other parts of the body
b) glands

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3
Q

T or F - some organs have both endocrine and exocrine cells

A

T

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4
Q

Describe the 3 classes of hormones

A
  1. AA derivatives = chemical synthesized from AA
  2. peptides + proteins = chain of AA
  3. steroids = synthesized from cholesterol
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5
Q

What is the difference b/w peptides and proteins?

A

peptides = short chain of AA
proteins = long chain of AA

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6
Q

Describe the 2 types of glands that release AA derivative hormones

A
  1. thyroid gland = releases thyroxine which is derived from tyrosine and iodine atoms
  2. adrenal medulla = releases epinephrine/adrenalin which is a catecholamine derived from phenylalanine
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7
Q

Describe 5 types of organs that release peptides/proteins. Provide an example of a peptide/protein it releases

A
  1. pancreas = insulin/glucagon/somatostatin
  2. gastrointestinal tract = CCK/ghrelin
  3. adipose tissue = leptin
  4. anterior pit = ACTH/GH/LH/FSH/TH
  5. posterior pit = antidiuretic hormone/oxytocin
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8
Q

Match the following
a) posterior pituitary
b) anterior pituitary
1. adenohypophysis
2. neurohypophysis

A

a) 2
b) 1

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9
Q

Describe the following? Where are they found
a) neurohypophysis - 3
b) adenohypophysis - 3

A

a) post pit = releases hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus due to it being connected neuronally
b) ant pit = produces and releases tropic hormones which is regulated hypothalamic factors

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10
Q

a) What are tropic hormones
b) What are the two main tissues that release these types of hormones?

A

a) hormones that when released promote/prohibit the release of other hormones from their target tissue
b) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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11
Q

a) Where are hormones produced in the hypothalamus? - 2
b) Describe the 2 types of hormones that are produced - 8
c) Which pituitary releases them? How do you know? - 2

A

a) the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
b)
1. oxytocin = a hormone that causes the release of milk and promotes social behavior
2. vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone = regulates water absorption in kidneys, learning/memory, and aggression (social behavior)
c) posterior b/c it is neuronally connected to the hypothalamus while the anterior pit is not

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12
Q

All of the following contains neurons except; How do you know?
a) hypothalamus
b) anterior pituitary
c) posterior pituitary
d) thalamus
e) they all contain neurons

A

b - b/c it wasn’t originally developed in the brain

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13
Q

Fill in the following image

A

pink = infundibulum
red= supraoptic nucleus
green = paraventricular nucleus
blue = hypothalamus

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14
Q

Describe the 4 steps to the Hypothalamopituitary portal sys

A
  1. release hormones’ from hypothalamus to Hypothalamopituitary portal sys
  2. the hormones are carried down the pituitary stack
  3. the hormones influence the release of the hormones w/in the anterior pituitary
  4. the change in the hormonal release by the anterior pituitary goes into the BV to influence their target tissues
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15
Q

Describe the 3 steps that the posterior pituitary hormones use

A
  1. synthesis of hormones w/in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei w/in the hypothalamus
  2. the hormones are carried by the axonal transport down to the pituitary stalk
  3. the posterior pituitary receives and releases the hormones into circulation to influence their target tissues
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16
Q

T or F - the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei are in charge of producing all the hypothalamic hormones

A

F - only the hypothalamic hormones that will be released by the posterior pit

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17
Q

wrt to the gonads what types of hormones do the following release
a) hypothalamus - 2
b) anterior pituitary - 3
c) gonads - 6

A

a) GnRH/GRF = gonadotropin-releasing hormone
b) gonadotropins = LH (luteinizing hormone) + FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
c)
- Androgens -> testosterone
- estrogens -> estradiol
- progestins -> progesterone

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18
Q

The following are all types of steroids except
a) androgens
b) estrogens
c) progestins
d) cortisol
e) all of the above

A

e

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19
Q

provide 3 examples of steroids

A
  1. androgens
  2. estrogens
  3. progestins
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20
Q

What are the tissues that release sex hormones? Which one primarily releases sex hormones?

A
  1. gonads (primary)
  2. adrenal cortex
21
Q

a) What are the 3 hormones that the gonads release
b) What are the most common forms for each?

A
  1. androgens -> testosterone
  2. estrogen -> estragiol
  3. progestins -> progesterone
22
Q

All of these sex hormones are released in females except
a) androgens
b) estrogens
c) progestins
d) all of the above

A

d

23
Q

a) What is the main hormone that the adrenal cortex release?
b) Is this the same for all species?

A

a) cortisol
b) no in non-human animals its corticosterone

24
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex release

A

steroid hormones

25
Q

What type of hormones do the gonads release

A

steroid hormones

26
Q

a) Where are the 3 places that receptors are located?
b) which one causes genomic effects? explain
c) which one causes rapid effects? explain

A
  1. membrane-bound = rapid b/c the activated receptor causes a signal transduction w/in the cell that influences already existing protein which is a rapid change that only lasts for a short period of time
  2. in the cytoplasm = both genomic and rapid as the hormone-receptor complex can either be translocated into the nucleus to regulate gene expression (genomic) or can remain in the cytosol and cause a signaling cascade (rapid)
  3. in the nucleus = genomic b/c the hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor and regulates the expression of a certain protein which results in the change lasting longer
27
Q

the gonads consist of the __________ and the __________

A

testes and ovaries (or visa verca)

28
Q

What is the most common form of the following
a) estrogen
b) androgen
c) progestin

A

a) estradiol
b) testosterone
c) progesterone

29
Q

If estrogen and androgens are produced in both males and females then how could they refer to as sex hormones?

A

while they are both produced in both sexes the levels of production vary.
- Females = estrogen > androgens
- males = estrogen < androgens

30
Q

Describe the 3 ways to regulate hormone levels. Provide an example of a tissue that undergoes this regulation for each.

A
  1. neural = by receiving neural signals from the cerebral neurons (CNS) or autonomic neurons (PNS)
    - regulating the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamus
  2. hormonal = using tropic hormones to influence how other tissue release their hormones or through a negative feedback loop
    - regulating the release of androgens from the gonads via the anterior pit
  3. nonhormonal chemical = using other chemicals in the body to regulate how other tissues release their hormones.
    - high levels of glucose in the bloodstream trigger the release of insulin by the pancreas
31
Q

How are hormones released?

A

in a pulsatile manner

32
Q

Due to the pulsatile manner of hormone release over the course of a month describe hormonal levels for the following
a) females
b) males

A

a) cyclical nature (large fluctuations)
b) relatively constant (minimal fluctuations)

33
Q

What tissue is responsible for deciding the fluctuation of hormone release?

A

the hypothalamus

34
Q

What is considered the master hormone gland? explain your ANS
a) anterior pituitary
b) posterior pituitary
c) hypothalamus
d) thalamus

A

c - b/c it regulates the secretion of hormones from both the anterior and posterior pituitaries

35
Q

a) fill in the following wrt the female HPG axis
b) What is it missing?

A

a)
yellow = hypothalamus
green = GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone)
blue = anterior pituitary
pink = LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-secreting hormone)
orange = ovaries
purple = estradiol + progesterone
b) the ovaries also produce testosterone just in smaller amounts

36
Q

a) fill in the following wrt the female HPG axis
b) What is it missing?

A

a)
yellow = hypothalamus
green = GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone)
blue = anterior pituitary
pink = LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-secreting hormone)
orange = testes
purple = testosterone
b) the testes also produce estradiol + progesterone just in smaller amounts

37
Q

Describe the 2 effects of gonadal hormones. At what age does each occur?

A
  1. developmental/organizational = when hormones drive the development of sex determination (conception to adulthood)
  2. activational = when hormones activate behavior and physiological fxns (puberty)
38
Q

“humans are dimorphic” what does this mean?

A

this means that humans exist in two biological + distinct forms (male and female)

39
Q

What determines sex development?

A

genetic information on the sex chromosomes

40
Q

What are the 3 kinds of reproductive organs in mammals? provide an example for each.

A
  1. gonads = ovaries/testes
  2. internal = uterus/fallopian tube/vagina
  3. external = penis/clitoris
41
Q

Describe the two parts of the primordial gonads that both sexes have.

A
  1. cortex = the outer coving of the primordial gonads that have the potential to develop into an ovary
  2. medulla = the inner core of the primordial gonads that have the potential to develop into the testes
42
Q

a) label the following image
b) What is this an image of?
c) is this found in males or females?

A

a)
yellow = medulla
green = cortex
b) the primordial gonads
c) neither due to not developing yet

43
Q

a) what gene determines sex?
b) where is this gene usually found?
c) What happens in the presence of this gene?
d) what happens in the absence of this gene?

A

a) SRY gene
b) on the Y chromosome
c) development of the testes will take place
d) development of the ovaries will take place

44
Q

Describe what is happening in the following image

A

the medulla of the primordial gonad is developing into testes due to the presence of the SRY protein. (male)

45
Q

Describe what is happening in the following image

A

the cortex of the primordial gonad is developing into ovaries due to the absence of the SRY protein. (female)

46
Q

Describe the two types of reproductive ducts

A
  1. Wolffian sys = capacity to develop into male reproductive ducts
  2. Mullerian sys = capacity to develop into female reproductive ducts
47
Q

Describe the differentiation of the reproductive ducts that occur at 3 months of development for the following
a) males
b) females

A

a) the testes secrete testosterone which develops the Wolffian sys (male reproductive ducts) + secrets Mullerian-inhibiting substance (degrades the mullerian sys)
b) Mullerian sys develops (female reproductive ducts) due to lack of testes

48
Q

a) fill in the image
b) describe each

A

yellow = developing gonad - the gonad that will develop into male or female depending on which sys thrives
green = Wolffian sys - the sys that causes the development of male reproductive ducts
blue = Mullerian sys - the sys that causes the development of female reproductive ducts

PSYC3410 (22 decks)

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