I. Hunger, Eating, and Healthy part 3

Question 1

Explain what the following hypothalamic regions were thought to be associated w/? Why were they proven incorrect?
a) lateral hypothalamus
b) ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 1

a) feeding center that would cause eating and drinking.
- lesion = lack of responsiveness to sensory input in general
b) a satiety center that would control the act of feeling full.
- lesion = ate more b/c of weight gain not gaining weight due to eating more

Question 2

Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus caused rats to eat more in order to compensate for the added fat which dismissed the idea of it being the satiety centre. What was another reason for this dismissal?

Answer 2

the lesion resulted in damage in the paraventricular nucleus which showed to have the same effect when was lesioned independently

Question 3

Match the following terms + explain each
a) aphagia
b) hyperphagia
c) adipsia
1. lateral hypothalamus
2. ventromedial hypothalalmus

Answer 3

1. a) stop eating
   c) stop drinking
2. b) excessive eating

Question 4

Which of the following does damage to the paraventricular nucleus cause
a) aphagia
b) hyperphagia
c) adipsia
d) hyperadipsia

Answer 4

b

Question 5

Describe the following. Which ones are associated w/ the paraventricular nucleus vs the arcuate nucleus?
a) melanocortin receptors
b) neuropeptide Y (NPY)
c) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron
d) insulin receptors
e) leptin receptors
f) melanocortins

Answer 5

1. Paraventricular nucleus
   a) DEC hunger when activated
   f) class of peptides that acts as a ligand to a)
2. arcuate nucleus
   b) a peptide that causes hunger when released
   c) neurons that produce melanocortins
   d) receptor that is on the POMC –> DEC hunger
   e) receptor that is on the NPY –> INC hunger

Question 6

put the following in order wrt hunger + satiety signals
a) brain
b) bloodstream
c) gastrointestinal sys
d) response to blood signal

Answer 6

c -> b -> a -> d

Question 7

What are the 5 feeding inhibitors?

Answer 7

1. CCK - colecytokinin
2. leptin
3. melanocortins
4. alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
5. 5HT - serotonin

Question 8

What are the 2 feeding promoters?

Answer 8

1. ghrelin
2. NPY - neuropeptide

Question 9

How would someone speaking from the set pt theory describe the regulation of body weight? Is this true?

Answer 9

in the longterm body weight would remain stable, which is not realisitic

Question 10

T or F - fat levels w/in the body has a specific set pt in each indiv

Answer 10

F - while the body doesn’t like change it can adapt preventing a fixed set pt to develope

Question 11

How did the people of Okinawan disprove set pt theory?

Answer 11

These people consume 20% fewer calories than the average which has resulted in a lower death rate and more longevity. Showing that its healthier to consume less calories

Question 12

There was a rat exp where the following groups were presented w/ a certain amount of food given. Which group presented w/ the best health benefits?
a) ad libitum
b) 25% reduction
c) 55% reduction
d) 65% reduction

Answer 12

d

Question 13

Describe diet-induced thermogenesis

Answer 13

the efficiency of NRG being used by the body in response to the level of body fat

Question 14

According to Diet-induced thermogenesis, what would be the result of the following?
a) eating less
b) eating more
c) exercising more
d) exercising less

Answer 14

a) + c) In response to the DEC of body fat the body will INC its efficiency in NRG utilization (use less NRG for the same stuff) resulting in a DEC of body temp
b) + d) In response to the INC of body fat the body will INC its efficiency in NRG utilization (use more NRG for the same stuff) resulting in an INC of bod temp

Question 15

How does diet-induced theromogenesis explain the initial phase of weight loss followed by weight stabilization in weight-loss programs?

Answer 15

initially, you will lose body fat. Then in response to that loss, the body will INC its NRG efficiency in order to prevent further weight loss (trying to keep body weight the same)

Question 16

What is the purpose of the body undergoing diet-induced theromogenesis?

Answer 16

homeostasis - to maintain a stable body weight

Question 17

Describe what happens in each phase (color) wrt diet-induced theromogenesis based on this image

Answer 17

Green = you start to eat less resulting in a DEC of body fat
red = the body recognizes that DEC in body fat and attempts to prevent any further DEC by INC its NRG efficiency
orange = the reduced rate of the intake matches the NRG efficiency keeping the body fat amount stable
purple = when the diet is terminated you begin to eat more resulting in an INC of body fat due to the INC NRG efficiency
pink = the body recognizes the INC in body fat thus it DEC NRG utilization as a means to prevent further INC of body fat

Question 18

At which pts is a new settling pt achieved?
a) green
b) red
c) orange
d) purple
e) pink

Answer 18

c + e

Question 19

a) Describe the settling-pt view?
b) how does this differ from the set pt theory?

Answer 19

a) the level at which all the factors that influence body weight reach an equilibrium
b) set pt is a fixed pt at which equilibrium is achieved however settling pt is dynamic thus can change dep on the changes to those factors

Question 20

Describe the obesogenic environment

Answer 20

all the factors in a person’s environment that contribute to obesity

Question 21

in the Barral analogy, what is the following analogous to
a) the water
b) the water pressure
c) the amount of water entering the barrel
d) the leaking water
e) the weight of the barrel on the hose

Answer 21

a) food
b) positive incentive value of food
c) amount of NRG being consumed
d) body fat
e) NRG being used
f) strength of the satiety signal

Question 22

What are the 7 factors that influence obesity?

Answer 22

1. obesognic environment
2. over-consumption of food
3. ones basal metabolic rate
4. lack of exercise
5. non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
6. gut microbiome
7. genetic differences

Question 23

What are the 3 things that cause over-consumption of food?

Answer 23

1. culture
2. preference for high-calorie food
3. strong cephalic phase responses

Question 24

a) Describe the basal metabolic rate
b) how can this influence obesity?

Answer 24

a) the min amount of NRG that the bodies need in order to maintain the more basic fxns of the body
b) if you have a large basal metabolic rate you are likely to eat more INC chances of obesity

Question 25

Describe non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Answer 25

the minuscule movements (fidgets) that ppl do subconsciously

Question 26

a) What is the gut microbiome? b) Describe the importance of the gut microbiome wrt influencing obesity

Answer 26

a) the bacteria in the gut b) the gut microbiome that you accumulate in your life dictates how much your body will digest what you eat

Question 27

T or F - ones gut microbiome can influence brain fxns and behaviors

Answer 27

T

Question 28

What is the best way for one to gain the gut microbiome of another?

Answer 28

ingestion of poop pills

Question 29

Describe the 2 genetic differences that influence obesity

Answer 29

1. Ob gene = no production of leptin resulting in eating more 2. prader-Willi Syndrome = experiencing insatiable hunger while also having a very slow metabolism

Question 30

What is the most well known treatment for obesity?

Answer 30

5HT

Question 31

5HT agonists have been shown to reduce food intake and show resistance towards high-calorie foods. Describe the following 5HT agonist. Why were they removed? a) fenfluramine b) Lorcaserin/Belviq

Answer 31

a) it enhances the release of 5HT while also inhibiting the reuptake of 5HT - removed b/c it INC risk of heart disease b) a selective 5HT receptor agonist that targeted only specific 5HT receptors - removed b/c it INC risk of cancer

Question 32

What are the 2 types of obesity treatments? Indicate which one is more widely used

Answer 32

1. gastric bypass = most 2. adjustable gastric band

Question 33

a) What is this an example of? b) What does this treat? c) How does this treat it? d) is this temporary or permanent?

Answer 33

a) gastric bypass b) obesity c) DEC the amount of food that can be absorbed d) permanent

Question 34

a) What is this an example of? b) What does this treat? c) How does this treat it? d) is this temporary or permanent?

Answer 34

a) adjustable gastric band b) obesity c) uses a band to restrict the amount of food that can go through the stomach d) temp

Question 35

What are the 3 diagnostic criteria for ppl w/ anorexia Nervosa

Answer 35

1. extreme restriction of NRG intake 2. intense fear of gaining weight 3. disturbance in how ones own body weighs/is shaped

Question 36

Describe the proccesing of self images for ppl w/ anorexia nervosa vs ppl w/out anorexia nervosa

Answer 36

1. AN = the brain activity of looking at themselves vs others is severely lacking 2. normal = the brain activity of looking at themselves vs others is similar

Question 37

What does this image show? a) control subject looking at images of others b) control subjects looking at images of themselves c) anorexia Nervosa patients looking at images of others d) all of the above e) anorexia Nervosa patients looking at images of themselves

Answer 37

e

Question 38

What does this image show? a) control subject looking at images of others b) control subjects looking at images of themselves c) anorexia Nervosa patients looking at images of others d) all of the above e) anorexia Nervosa patients looking at images of themselves

Answer 38

d

Question 39

T or F - most people w/ anorexia do not dislike food

Answer 39

T

Question 40

Which of the following is wood's theory a) pre-meal hunger b) diet-induced thermogenesis c) set pt d) settling pt

Answer 40

a

Question 41

a) What may DEC be the positive incentive for food for patients w/ anorexia despite the fact they are starving b) what theory does this relate to? c) who coined this theory

Answer 41

a) as you eat less your tolerance for the stresses that food causes on the body reduces causing the development of a taste aversion for food b) pre-meal hunger c) Wood

Question 42

Describe bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 42

an eating disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by bingeing following by purging in order to eliminate those consumed calories

Question 43

What is the basic pattern for ppl w/ bulimia nervosa?

Answer 43

fasting -> bingeing -> purging

Question 44

In what case will someone be diagnosed w/ binge-eating/puring anorexia instead of Bulimia? a) if they're overweight b) if they're normal weight c) if they're underweight d) everyone as they mean the same thing

Answer 44

c

Question 45

Describe the difference b/w these 3 brain regions for someone w/ anorexia vs bulimia (make sure you describe the fxns of each) a) insula b) anterior cingulate cortex c) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 45

a) processes feelings of hunger and satiety A = less sensitive (lower activation) B = more sensitive (higher activation) b) decision making and anticipation of reward A = less active in response to food B = more active in response to food c) regulates self-control A = More active in anticipation of food B = less active in anticipation of food

Question 46

Match the brain regions shown to the following a) anterior cingulate cortex b) insula c) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 46

a) blue b) orange c) green

Question 47

If you were to eliminate exactly 500 calories from your daily diet, you would likely a) lose a constant amount each day until you stopped losing weight. b) automatically decrease your exercise, and your weight would stay about the same. c) initially lose weight, but the amount lost each day would decline until a new stable weight was reached. d) produce less heat and lose no weight. e) keep losing weight steadily until you terminated your diet.

Answer 47

c

Question 48

The positive-incentive value of various tastes is __________ in people diagnosed with anorexia compared to __________ . a) higher; people diagnosed with bulimia b) lower; normal weight control subjects c) the same; normal weight control subjects d) higher; normal weight control subjects e) lower; people diagnosed with binge-eating disorder

Answer 48

b

Question 49

a) Finish labeling the diagram by filling in the empty rectangles. b) What is this negative feedback system regulating?

Answer 49

a) - green = leptin - pink = adipose tissue/adipocytes b) adipose tissue/fat homeostasis

Question 50

Imagine you are looking at a brain scan of an individual who suffers from bulimia and another individual who suffers from anorexia, what type of activity would you expect to see in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of each patient? - 6

Answer 50

1. Bulimia - insula = more sensitive than normal - anterior cingulate cortex = more active in response to food - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = less active in anticipation of food 2. Anorexia - insula = less sensitive than normal - anterior cingulate cortex = less active in response to food - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = more active in anticipation of food