Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3410 > L. Hormones and Sex - Part 3 > Flashcards

L. Hormones and Sex - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe andrenogenital syndrome

A

It’s when there is a deficiency in cortisol release causing a compensatory response. Resulting in an overactive release of both cortisol and androgens INC masculinization in XX indiv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

andrenogenital syndrome is also known as what?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the two effects of gonadal hormones

A
  1. developmental = hormones that drive the development of males/females from conception to adulthood
  2. activational = hormones that activate male/female behaviors and physiological fxns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 male sexual behaviors

A
  1. intromission = insertion
  2. thrusting
  3. ejaculating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 female sexual behaviors?

A
  1. lordosis (arching of the back in preparation for insertion)
  2. proceptive behaviour (behaviours that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the indexes of sexual behaviour for the following sexes?
a) males
b) females

A

a) interval b/w ejaculation and next mount
b) lordosis quotient (the number of times the female undergoes lordosis per number of times the male mounts her)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the following
a) feminization
b) defeminization
c) masculinization
d) demasculinization

A

a) the enhancement of female characteristics
b) the suppression of female characteristics
c) the enhancement of male characteristics
d) the suppression of male characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is neonatal gonadectomy

A

the removal of gonads from a newborn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What would happen to the sexual behavior of the following sexes if they underwent neonatal gonadectomy?
a) males
b) females

A

a) reduced number of successful mounts
b) reduced number of successful lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the following?
a) prenatal
b) perinatal

A

a) before birth
b) few weeks before and after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the following?
a) prenatal
b) perinatal

A

a) before birth
b) a few weeks before and after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would happen for the following if they were given testosterone prenatally or perinatally?
a) males
b) females

A

both would undergo masculinization and defeminization sexual behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

As we know defeminization and masculinization can occur by administering testosterone. But what else is needed for this process to occur?

A

the aromatization converting testosterone to estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the critical period of testosterone effects occurs for ____ days postnatally
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 10
e) other (indicate)

A

e - 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the neural mech of sexual behaviour for the following brain regions
a) cortex
b) amygdala
c) ventral striatum

A

a) complex aspects of human sexuality
b) processing of social information
c) pleasure aspect of sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome. What brain region is affected?

A

the inappropriate sexual advances in a public setting caused by a disruption in amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe flat affect

A

a condition where someone is unable to express emotions normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would happen if a rat had their amygdala lesioned (wrt sexual behaviour)?

A

they would be unable to focus their sexual behaviour towards a single indiv due to a lack of social info processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What actions activate the ventral striatum?

A

sexual provocation/anticipation of sex –> sexual pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F - only males mount

A

F - females do to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a) the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is also known as what? (wrt sexual behaviour)
b) if the MPOA is lesioned what would happen to male behaviour?
c) If the MPOA is lesioned what would happen to female behaviour?
d) if the MPOA is stimulated what would happen to male behaviour?
e) If the MPOA is stimulated what would happen to female behaviour?

A

a) the sexually dimorphic nucleus
b) abolish all male-typical activity
c) only abolishes proceptive behaviour
d) stimulates male-typical sexual behaviour
e) stimuates male-typical sexual behaviour that females also exhibit such as mounting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of neurons does MPOA act on? how do you know?
a) adrenergic
b) cholinergic
c) dopaminergic
d) all of the above

A

c - b/c it mediates the motivation for male sexual behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the significance of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus wrt sexual behaviour

A

critical for female sexual behaviour such as lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How would someone be able to inhibit the following in rats (2 ways for each)
a) male-typical sexual behaviour
b) female-typical sexual behaviour

A

a)
1. lesion the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
2. use a DA inhibitor
b)
1. lesion the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
2. inject estrogen receptor inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe an orchidectomy

A

a surgical procedure to remove one or both testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are 4 effects of an orchidectomy?

A
  1. reduced sexual desire (DEC libido)
  2. reduced sexual behaviour (mounting/lordosis)
  3. reduction of hair on limbs/torso/face
  4. loss of muscle mass
27
Q

T or F - level of male sexuality is correlated w/ testosterone levels in healthy men

A

F - they are not correlated as testosterone may bring sexual behavour to the right level it doesn’t enhance it

28
Q

a) What converts testosterone into estradiol?
b) What converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone?
c) wrt to testosterone effect on male sexual behavior w/ is the difference b/w estradiol and dihydrotestosterone?

A

a) aromatase
b) 5alpha-reductase
c) estradiol = rats/ dihydro = primates

29
Q

What are 5 things that testosterone enhances wrt cognition?

A
  1. spacial learning
  2. neuroplasticity/neurogenesis
  3. aggression/confrontational attitude
  4. risk-taking
  5. attention to threatening stimuli
30
Q

T or F - most cognitive enhancements from testosterone are androgen-mediated (5alpha-reductase)

A

F - its from estrogen-mediated (aromatase)

31
Q

a) what are anabolic steroids
b) What is their desired purpose?
c) what is the main side effect?

A

a) growth-promoting hormone
b) to INC muscularity and strength
c) due to high concentrations it causes a negative feedback loop resulting in a reduced natural release of the growth hormone

32
Q

Describe the following wrt anabolic steroids (include whether they happen to men or women)
a) testicular atrophy
b) amenorrhea
c) hirsutism
d) gynecomastia

A

a) Men = DEC size and reduced fxn of testicles
b) women = stop menstruation
c) Women = INC body hair growth
d) men = INC breast size

33
Q

During proestrus, there is a rise in ______ followed by a rise in ______
a) testosterone, estriadiol
b) estradiol, progesterone
c) progesterone, testosterone
d) progesterone, estriadiol

A

b

34
Q

a) describe the estrous cycle

A

sexual receptivity = the hormones that cause females to aid males in fertilizing their eggs

35
Q

Describe the following things that females do during behavioral estrous
a) attractive
b) proceptive
c) receptive

A

a) provide cues that attract males
b) eliciting sexual behaviour from males
c) responds to male w/ sexual behaviour (lordosis)

36
Q

fill in the image using the following
a) estrogen
b) progesterone
c) diestrus 1
d) diestrus 2
e) estrus
d) proestrus

A

a) yellow
b) green
c) purple
d) blue
e) orange
f) pink

37
Q

for rodents and most other mammals sexual behaviour is tied to ____ gonadal
hormone release
a) periodic
b) constant
c) cyclical
d) continuous
e) b and d

A

c

38
Q

T or F - both rodent and non-human primates’ sexual behaviour is tied to a cyclical gonadal hormone release. But not for humans

A

F - neither non-human primates nor humans have a cyclical gonadal hormone release but rodents and most other mammals do

39
Q

a) Describe an ovariectomy
b) Describe an adrenalectomy

A

a) the surgical removal of one or both ovaries
b) surgical removal of on or both adrenal glands

40
Q

describe the hormone therapies needed to reinstate the following
a) sexual desire/pleasure
b) proceptive behaviour
c) sexual interest in postmenopausal

A

a) estradiol or testosterone
b) testosterone
c) estrogen or testosterone

41
Q

Both ____ and ____ can influence female sexual behaviour
a) estrogen, androgen
b) estrodiol, testosterone
c) testosterone, progesterone
d) dihydrotestosterone, estradiol
e) a and b

A

b

42
Q

Name the 6 neuroprotective effects of estrogen

A
  1. enhances neurogenesis/neuroplasticity
  2. stimulates the release of neurotrophins (regulate and maintain the development of NS)
  3. reduce brain hypoxia/traumatic damage including
  4. reduces inflammation
  5. promotes axonal regeneration
  6. sex differences
43
Q

In the Phan et al experiment it showed that injecting 17beta-estradiol improved overall short-term memory in female rodents, however, it was on at 50nM. why not at 25nM or 100nM?

A

the learning effects of estradiol directly have an inverse U-shape. Where if the levels are too low it will have little effect as estradiol has multiple duties in the body. On the other hand, if the levels are too high there is only so many receptors that are available to take in estradiol.

44
Q

What do the following test?
a) object placement
b) object recognition
c) social recognition

A

a) spatial learning
b) item recognition
c) conspecific recognition

45
Q

a) What is PPT
b) what is 17beta-estradiol?
c) what is DPN?

A

a) ERalpha agonist (alpha estrodiol receptor)
b) a form of estradiol
c) ERbeta agonist (beta estradiol receptor)

46
Q

Why were higher doses used for PPT and DPN compared to 14beta-estradiol?

A

PPT/DPN has a 50% binding affinity to ERalpha/beta

47
Q

an intrahippocampal delivery of PPT resulted in improved learning and memory
for which of the following
a) object recognition
b) spatial learning
c) conspecific recognition
d) all of the above

A

d

48
Q

an intrahippocampal delivery of 17beta-estradiol resulted in improved learning and memory
for which of the following
a) object recognition
b) spatial learning
c) conspecific recognition
d) all of the above

A

d

49
Q

an intrahippocampal delivery of DPN resulted in improved learning and memory
for which of the following
a) object recognition
b) spatial learning
c) conspecific recognition
d) all of the above

A

b

50
Q

Based on this image What type of memory is this testing? How do you know

A

LTM b/c there is a 24h delay b/w the sample and choice phase

51
Q

Based on this image What type of memory is this testing? How do you know

A

STM b/c there is a 20min delay b/w the sample and choice phase

52
Q

Overall what is this testing?

A

the importance of ER mech in the perirhinal cortex of males wrt object-in-place memory

53
Q

What is the significance of the perirhinal cortex?

A

object memory

54
Q

What does OiP stand for?

A

Object-in-place

55
Q

in the Mitchnick et al study demonstrating the influence of estrogen on the perirhinal cortex in male rats describe the following
a) E2
b) sub-optimal learning
c) vehicle

A

a) 17beta-estriol
b) DEC the sample phase time resulting in less time for acquisition
c) the control substance

56
Q

Does this demonstrate sub-optimal learning or optimal learning? How do you know?

A

sub-optimal learning b/c there is very little learning occurring for the control due to the shortening of the sample phase

57
Q

Does this demonstrate sub-optimal learning or optimal learning? How do you know?

A

optimal learning b/c the vehicle condition (control) yielded much higher results than the treatment condition which contained an aromatase inhibitor

58
Q

After seeing that injecting E2 into the perirhinal cortex it was found that it indeed enhanced STM and LTM. So what was the purpose of using Letrozole?

A

Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that prevents the production of endogenous estrogen. The first test using E2 was an exogenous estrogen thus they are now trying to find out the significance of endogenous estrogen

59
Q

Describe how the following treatment influences STM and LTM OiP in male rats when injected into the perirhinal cortex
a) E2
b) Letrozole

A

a) exogenous 17 beta-estradiol = reinstates learning
b) aromatase inhibitor = impairs STM and LTM

60
Q

Sweat glands
a) Are exocrine glands
b) Release hormones into the circulatory system
c) Are endocrine glands
d) Are ductless glands
e) Release hormones directly into the blood

A

a

61
Q

A tropic hormone is any hormone that
a) Increases reproductive behaviour
b) Stimulates or suppresses the release of posterior pituitary hormones
c) Is released by the pituitary gland
d) Stimulates or suppresses the release of other hormones
e) Influences the ovaries and testes

A

d

62
Q

Describe proceptive and receptive female sexual behaviour and give an example of each

A
  1. Proceptive behaviours describe the approach of females to males, eliciting sexual behaviour (Example: Ear wiggling, hopping, darting)
  2. Receptive behaviours are responses of the female to approaches by males (Example: lordosis)
63
Q

Can you treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisol? Why or why not?

A

yes, b/c this condition arises due to the adrenal glands’ inability to release cortisol. Therefore if you replace it, you will alleviate the symptoms

PSYC3410 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions