N. Emotion, Stress, and Health - Part 2

Question 1

Describe the following types of delusional misidentification disorders
a) fregolis syndrome
b) cotard’s syndrome
c) capgras syndrome

Answer 1

a) a heightened effect of unfamiliarity to ppl making one believe that different ppl are the same indiv
b) a flattening of affective response towards external stimuli making the indiv believe that they don’t exist/they are dead
c) the lack of familiarity with faces making one able to recognize one face but unable to see them as familiar thus seeing them as an imposter

Question 2

T or F - there are no emotion-specific patterns of ANS activaiton

Answer 2

T

Question 3

Describe how the following measures the SNS (sympathetic NS)
a) skin conductance
b) cardiovascular activity
c) polygraph

Answer 3

a) active SNS -> high arousal -> INC sweat -> INC skin conductance
b) active SNS -> INC HR -> INC BP
c) uses a and/or b to detect lies as the SNS tends to activate when someone is lying

Question 4

The success rate for a polygraph is ____%
a) 25%
b) 55%
c) 75%
d) 90%

Answer 4

b

Question 5

Describe the two techniques used to INC the success rate for lie detection when using a polygraph

Answer 5

1. control-question technique = comparing the SNS response for target question (questions related to what they are trying to find out) and control questions (unrelated questions)
2. guilty knowledge technique = ask questions that would only seem relevant to the guilty causing only them to have an active SNS response

Question 6

a) What are the 6 primary emotions?
b) what are the 3 new emotions added to this list
c) what is the main difference b/w the original 6 and the additional 3?

Answer 6

a) surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness
b) contempt, embarrassment, pride
c) unlike the first 6 the last 3 are universal emotions that incorporate both the body and the face rather than just the face

Question 7

1. You are told to look at a series of images and indicate whether they are happy or angry images. Indicate what you are more likely to choose overall under the following situations
   a) looking at the images while wearing a happy facial expression
   b) looking at the images while wearing an angry facial expression
2. What does this tell you?

Answer 7

1. a) happy > angry
   b) angry > happy
2. That facial expressions can bias how you perceive the world

Question 8

In this image what does the blank part indicate?

Answer 8

it indicates the degree that facial expression can influence how one ties certain emotions to perceived stimuli

Question 9

Describe the following wrt voluntary control of facial expressions
a) microexpressions
b) Duchenne (genuine) smile
c) fake smile

Answer 9

a) a brief facial expression that reveals one’s true emotions
b) involves the mouth and eye muscles
c) a smile that either only involves the eyes or mouth or involve both but is slightly delayed

Question 10

What do the following types of muscles control?
a) zygomaticus
b) orbicularis

Answer 10

a) mouth
b) eyes

Question 11

a) Describe mirror neurons
b) How are these neurons significant for emotions/social activity

Answer 11

a) a group of neurons that specialize in mirroring the actions of others
b) it is important for empathy as it allows one to share the emotions of others

Question 12

The primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex are important for
a) emotion
b) fear
c) empathy
d) aggression
e) more than one above

Answer 12

c

Question 13

Describe the significance of the following parts of the brain wrt emotions
a) amygdala - 2
b) medial prefrontal lobes - 1

Answer 13

a) fear + evaluating the emotional significance of a sit
b) the interactions b/w emotion and cognition

Question 14

What does lateralization of emotion mean? Provide an example of this

Answer 14

it means that emotional processing in certain structures occurs differently in each hemisphere of the brain. For instance when one smiles the left side of the face tends to react faster than the right indicating that the right hemisphere is reacting faster

Question 15

T of F - due to lateralization of emotion emotional stimuli produces a widespread cerebral activity but only in the right hemisphere

Answer 15

F - lateralization of emotion only means that emotion is processed differently on either side. the activity that emotional stimuli produce spreads across the whole cerebellum

Question 16

T or F - the brain areas that emotional stimuli activate are only activated by these types of stimuli

Answer 16

F - they can also be activated by other psychological processes

Question 17

T or F - fear is specifically tied to the amygdala

Answer 17

F - the amygdala is heavily associated w/ fear but there are other regions that influence fear and the amygdala is also associated w/ other processes

Question 18

What is fear

Answer 18

the emotional rxn to a threat

Question 19

Describe the 2 types of behaviors associated by fear

Answer 19

1. defensive = to protect the user from the threat
2. aggressive = to threaten the other party

Question 20

What are the 3 main criteria that categorize the behaviors that occur during a fear sit

Answer 20

1. topography = the form the behavior will take
2. the situation that elicits the behavior
3. the purpose/fxn of the behavior

Question 21

audirotry conditioned fear involves pairing a tones w/ a noxiou stimulus such as a shock.
a) So how is it possible that even bilaterally leasioning the audiitory cortex doesn’t block all auditory conditioned fear?
b) what region would have to be lesioned in order to preven auditory conditioned fear? how do you know

Answer 21

a) this means that the auditory cortex is not the only brain region that receives and processes auditory stimuli
b) lesioning the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus would cut off that auditory fear condition as it is responsible for relaying the auditory stimulus to the auditory cortex

Question 22

What are the 2 pathways involved in auditory fear conditioning? Indicate which one is required for complex sounds vs simple sounds

Answer 22

1. direct = MGN of the thalamus -> amygdala (only simple)
2. indirect = MGN of the thalamus -> auditory cortex -> amygdala (both complex and simple sounds)

Question 23

fill in the image

Answer 23

yellow = thalamus
dark blue = medial geniculate nucleus
green = auditory cortex
orange = amygdala
light blue = hypothalamus
pink = periaqueductal gray (PAG)
red = behavioral response
purple = sympathetic response

Question 24

T or F - the amygdala is a single structure that exists bilaterally

Answer 24

F - it is a cluster of many nuclei

Question 25

Describe the fxn of the following nuclei w/in the amygdala
a) LA
b) CE

Answer 25

a) lateral nucleus = the encoding of the expression of conditioned fear
b) the physical response to the fear

Question 26

What are the 2 nuclei responsible for general fear conditioning w/in the amygdala?

Answer 26

lateral nucleus + central nucleus

Question 27

What is stress?

Answer 27

a coordinated series of responses to actual or potential aversive stimuli

Question 28

T or F - experiencing stress is common to all organisms

Answer 28

T

Question 29

What are 3 things that influence stress

Answer 29

1. personal exp
2. genetics
3. ones behavior

Question 30

What is this image demonstrating?

Answer 30

it is showing the benefits and costs of stress as too little stress causes one to be more susceptible to the aversive stimuli yet too much stress causes overstimulation which can have some physiological impacts. Thus mid to moderate stress is performed to perform the best