sleep disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ventral lateral and median preoptic area of the hypothalamus known for?

A

the VPLO is a sleep center,

they are both involved in making you sleep because they increases GABA and Galanin activity which is inhibitory to arousal centers

and they both turn off the histamine based TMN wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when do the ventral lateral proptic area and median preoptic area of the hypothalamus fire?

A

during NREM, not during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does the ventral lateral preoptic area fire most

A

while we are asleep ( it keeps us asleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when does the median preoptic area fire most

A

as one drifts off to sleep ( puts us asleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are we paralyzed during REM?

A

because GABA and glycine are released by neurons into the spinal neuron tract

and Ach is firing and therefore we become atonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when do we have high levels of adenosine?

A

when we are awake (during metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when do we have low levels of adenosine?

A

when we are asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if someone is sleep deprived what happens to the propensity to sleep?

A

it is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does caffeine counter sleepiness?

A

it is an antagonist to adenosine receptors it displaces adenosine therefore we don’t feel as tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does lack of light cause the release of?

A

melatonin from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what controls the circadian clock?

A

genes and proteins including: CRY, CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, PER2, PER3 some of which fluctuate on a 24 hour basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what outside factors modify our clock?

A

exogenous melatonin, caffeine, alcohol. light, food, excercise/activity,social interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does a build up of adenosine result in?

A

inhibitory feedback of wakefulness centers and stimulates VLPO sleep center so sleep occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is insomnia defined?

A

difficulty initiating or maintaing sleep , early morning awakening , non-restorative sleep for a month that isn’t due to a pathology, pyschological problem or drinking alcohol or coffee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do we treat insomnia?

A

with sleeping pills or sleep hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what area in particular is not working as well if sleep deprived?

A

anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is hypersomnia?

A

excessive day time sleepiness or inability to maintain wakefulness

18
Q

how do we treat hypersomnia?

A

with stimulants or wakefulness hygiene

19
Q

what is narcolepsy definition?

A

daily sleep attacks for 3 months

20
Q

what is cataplexy and when can it result

A

cataplexy is a drop attack that occurs in narcoleptics : they lose muscle tone as they have an attack

21
Q

what is hypnopompic and what type of sleep disorder can it occur in?

A

hallucinations upon awakening occurs in narcolepsy

22
Q

what is hyponogogic and what type of sleep disorder can it occur in?

A

hallucinations upon sleeping occurs in narcolepsy

23
Q

what can cataplexy, hyponogogic, or hypnopompic be triggered by?

A

can be triggered by emotional stimulus

24
Q

there is almost no REM latency ( the period of time in the sleep period from sleep onset to the first appearance of REM sleep.) in what sleep disorder?

A

narcolepsy

25
Q

how can we treat narcolepsy?

A

with a stimulant

26
Q

if someone has a breathing related sleep disorder what shouldn’t they be treated with?

A

GABA based meds nor should they drink a lot of alcohol, sedatives

27
Q

muscle atrophy and hypotonia is seen in what type of apnea?

A

obstructive sleep apnea

28
Q

what are ppl with sleep apnea treated with?

A

CPAP,dental devices, and surgery

29
Q

what is advanced type sleep disorder?

A

when you fall asleep to early so wake up too early as seen in the elderly

30
Q

what is delayed type sleep disorder?

A

when you sleep too late at night and wake up too late in the day.

31
Q

how do we treat sleep scheduling disorders?

A

with benzodiazepines, melatonin, excercise, stimulants or light therapy

32
Q

what is nocturnal myoclonus and how do you treat it?

A

it is unconcious led movements which are treated with dopamine receptor agonist.

33
Q

describe restless leg syndrome and how do you treat it?

A

creepy crawly sensation in legs which results in conscious leg movement which are treated with dopamine receptor agonist.

34
Q

nightmare disorder is

A

when you have long scary dreams which you remember. they occur during REM and it goes away on it’s own ( self - limiting)

35
Q

what is sleep terror disorder?

A

not awake but screaming, yelling in sleep, doesn’t occur during REM and you don’t remember it you are in deep sleep ( NREM) and it occurs in the 1st 1/3 of the night and this is self-limiting

36
Q

when does sleep walking occur?

A

1st 1/3 of the night, during NREM ( stage 3 or 4 ), don’t remember it occurred and it is self- limiting

37
Q

what can sleepwalking be caused by?

A

sleeping pills

38
Q

what is sleep related bruxism and how can we treat it?

A

teeth grinding which occurs in stage 2 and can be treated by giving a mouth guard or biting plate.

39
Q

what is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

loss of atonia during REM and men often act out their dreams violently

40
Q

how is REM sleep behavior disorder treated?

A

with D2 agonists

41
Q

when does sleep talking / Somniloquy ( head rocking back and forth) occur

A

all stages of sleep , it is self limiting