epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates the function of ion channels ( eg. Na+ and Ca2+ channels)?

A

beta subunit

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2
Q

what is the structure of Na+ and Ca2+ channels?

A

four 6 membrane spanning regions

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3
Q

What is the structure of a K+ channel?

A

6,2,4,or 7 membrane spanning regions

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4
Q

define a seizure

A

abnormal EXCESSIVE and SYNCHRONOUS electrical discharge of brain neuronal network

( bunch of neurons firing at the same time)

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5
Q

What is ( seizure related) aura?

A

a part of the ictal phase of the seizure ( very short lasting- can be just seconds) -

a sensation that the seizure is coming

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6
Q

What is ( seizure related) prodrome?

A

it occurs before the seizure in the pre-ictal phase.

pt. doesn’t feel well for hours or days but it’s not technically part of the synchronous electrical activity (seizure).

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7
Q

Based on ILAE classification what is a partial seizure ?

A

A seizure localized to one hemisphere

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8
Q

Based on ILAE classification what is a generalized seizure ?

A

a seizure which involves both hemispheres and si usually subcortical ( i.e. not in the cortex) therefore they can spread.

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9
Q

Based on ILAE classification what is a simple partial seizure?

A

a localized seizure w/o impairment/loss of consciousness.

Could have motor or sensory manifestations

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10
Q

Based on ILAE classification what is a complex partial seizure?

A

a localized seizure w/ impairment ( but not total loss) of consciousness

e.g. of symptoms: staring into space , automatism ( lip smacking and tongue movement–> indicates that the temporal lobe is involved)

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11
Q

Based on ILAE classification what two types of seizures can be classified as generalized?

A

convulsive and non-convulsive

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12
Q

What does the figure 4 sign indicate?

A
  • can be seen in a partial focal seizure that became a 2˚ generalized seizure or at a focal stage.

-Secondary Motor Area ( SMA) is involved
which is locate in the mesial part of the frontal and parietal lobes.

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13
Q

What is an absence seizure?

A

a complex seizure common especially in children.

it can be typical or atypical

Symptoms: Pt is doing something then stops and stares and then continue what they were doing but have no recollection of the seizure or what happened during it.

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14
Q

what can occur during the tonic phase of epileptic seizures?

A

an eplieptic cry: which results from respiratory: pharyngeal muscles contract.

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15
Q

What is a tonic-clonic seizure?

A

tonic- muscles tense up and clonic repeated contracture: i.e. contraction and relaxation of muscles

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16
Q

How are hyponeutremia and Seizures related?

A

Seizures can be caused by hyponeutremia but just because someone has hyponeutremia doesn’t mean they will have a seizure.

17
Q

What are the 3 ILAE classifications of epileptic syndromes?

A
  • idiopathic: presumed genetic etiology
  • symptomatic: consequence of a known or suspected disorder of CNS
  • Cryptogenic: unknown cause
18
Q

What are geraliztd spike and wave complexes in an EEG constant with?

A

idiopathic generalized epilepsy

19
Q

how can you characterize the functionality resulting from a channelopathy ( 2), and the major ( 2) ways a mutation comes about.is inherited?

A
  • channelopathy can result in either a gain or loss of fnc.

-they are usually autosomal dominant or
de Novo mutations

  • rarely autosomal recessive
20
Q

How many variations does the alpha subunit of Na+ channels in mammals have?

A

9 variations

21
Q

Where are the Nav1.1 and Nav1.3 variants of the Na+ chanel found?

A

in the cell bodies ( mostly in CNS)

22
Q

Where are the Nav1.2 variant of the Na+ channel found?

A

unmyelinated axons and dentrites ( mostly in the CNS)

23
Q

Where are the Nav1.6 variant of the Na+ channel found?

A

myelinated axons and dentrites ( mostly in the CNS)

24
Q

what 3 mutations are seen in the Nav1.1 channel?

A

missense, nonsense, in-frame deletion, truncation mutations.

25
Q

what are symptoms of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy ( SMEI or Dravet Syndrome) in the first and second years of life?

A

1st year

  • seizures assoc w/ elevated body temp ( fever or bathing)
  • progressively prolonged and cluster seizures
  • status epilepticus

2nd Year of life

  • psychomotor delay
  • ataxia (Uncoordinated movement –>inability to coordinate movements)
  • cognitive impairment
26
Q

Where do most channelopathies occur in epilepsy pts?

A

in Na+ channels

there are lots of mutations in several ion channels
but Na+ has the most

and chanelopathies are commonly the cause of epilepsy but not always.

27
Q

how are generalized epilepsy w/ febrile seizures plus and Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy related?

A

GEFS + is a milder than SMEI and they are on the same spectrum of NA+ channelopathies.

28
Q

what happens to cognitive abilities and what is pathophysiology of generalized epilepsy w/ febrile seizures plus ?

A

no impairment of cognitive abilities

pathophysiology is usu missense–> loss of fnc of fast inactivation –> gain of fnc of Na+ channel –> persistent Na+current

Tx: anti epileptic medswuich can bind to mutant channels and stabilize folding of proteins

29
Q

what is the goal and examples of treatments for Severe mycolonic epilepsy of infancy?

A

Goal of tx: to reestablish GABAergic transmission

Tigabine: decreases reuptake of GABA

Benzodiazepines: Increase in response to postsynaptic GABA receptors

30
Q

Define a febrile sesizure ( ILAE definition) ( 4 points)

A
  • occurs after l mo. of age
  • assoc w. febrile illness not caused by infection of CNS
  • w/o previous neonatal seizures or a previous unprovoked seizure
  • doesn’t meet criteria for other acute symptomatic seizures
31
Q

a channelopathy in which channel is a major cause of febrile seizures?

A

a mutation in the Nav1.1 channel–>

  • reduction of peak Na+ currents
  • and pos. shift in voltage dependence of activation.
32
Q

what is used to treat epilepsy?

A
  • Antiepileptic drugs to decrease hyper excitability

a. Na+ channel blockers ( stabilizes and block)
b. increasing inhibitory fnc of neurons ( GABAergic meds)

  • Epilepsy surgery if localized ( and they fail to respond to 2 meds) and not localized in eloquent cortex
33
Q

where do most K+ channelopathies occur?

A

In M current ( i.e. a voltage-gated K+ channel likely to be open during depolarization and is regulated by G-protein coupled receptors)

34
Q

what is pathophysiology of Benign Familial Neonatal convulsion?

A

-missense mutation–> impaired flux of K+ ( loss of fnc)–> decreased M current

35
Q

what happens in a channelopathy of the large pore-forming subunit?

A

mutation –> large K+ flux ( gain of fnc)

manifests as generalized or paroxysmal dyskinesia

36
Q

what is the pathophysiology of T-Type Ca2+channels? and where doe these channelopathies usually occur?

A

mutations–> gain of fnc–>excessive synchronous rhythmic burst firing–>idiopathic generalized epilepsy

occurs mostly in thalamic cells

37
Q

what can channelopathies in the CL- channel ( specifically mutation in CLCN2 gene) lead to?

A

idiopathic generalized epilepsy

38
Q

Why can T-type Ca channels have rhythmic burst-firing?

A

b/c of the cycle btw activation during small depolarization and inactivation during maintained depolarization.