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neuroscience > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the limbic system primarily involved in?

A

emotion

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2
Q

explain papez circuit.

A

hippocampus is connected to the mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus, the mammilary bodies are connected to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, the anterior nucleus is connected to the cingulate cortex and the cingulate cortex is connected to the hippocampus.

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3
Q

what was kluver-bucy experiment?

A

removed temporal lobe of monkey and saw that it became docile, over ate , and ate inappropriate things, hypersexual ( including w/ inanimate object)

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4
Q

what did experiments after kluver -bucy experiment show?

A

that the amygdala is key in emotion and that isn’t in papez circuit

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5
Q

what parts of the papez circuit that are no longer believed to be critical in emotional processing ( this doesn’t mean that they don’t influence emotions)?

A

hippocampus, anterior nucleus of thalamus, mammillary body ( although they are still considered part of the limbic system)

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6
Q

what are the critical components of the limbic system?

A

AMYGDALA, anterior and mid-cingulate cortex, mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex.

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7
Q

where does sertonin originate from?

A

dorsal raphe nucleus

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8
Q

where does norepinephrine originate from?

A

the locus coeruleus

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9
Q

what does the anterior cingulate cortex do?

A

store emotion/valenced ( weighted ) information ( e.g. the more + experiences you have w/ someone the more emotional weight

and recoding the amygdala ( e.g. a tiger trainer trains emotions so he’s not scared of a tiger’s roar)

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10
Q

what does the mid cingulate gyrus do?

A

select responses ( mental or motor)
predict outcomes and resolve ambiguity
improvise new behaviors for new problems

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11
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A

invests sensory experience with emotional significance (valence)

most prominently involved in fear ( mneumonic: aMygdala think Miedo)

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12
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

autonomic/hormonal control

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13
Q

what does the periaqueductal gray do?

A

coordinate behaviors autonomic/ skeletal

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14
Q

what does the Autonomic nervous system do ?

A

skeletal motor output and memory enhancement

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15
Q

what does the locus coerulus do?

A

coordinates responses and enhances storage of emotional memories

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16
Q

what does the dorsal raphe nucleus do?

A

regulates mood before and after emotional experience

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of emotion?

A

1˚emotions: reflexive emotions ( implicit) linked with autonomic reflexes. ( involves amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG) fear is the most well studied implicit emotion.

2˚ emotion: conscious emotions. object and context dependent and involve conscious processing. ( involves cortical limbic structures)

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18
Q

what subnuclei are in the amygdala?

A

the basal-lateral and central nuclei

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19
Q

where does the basal lateral nuclei input come from?

A

thalamus, sensory, entorihinal, association cortex

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20
Q

where does the basal lateral nuclei output come from?

A

cortex and striatum

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21
Q

where does the central nuclei input come from?

A

brainstem, sensory, and prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

where does the central nuclei output come from?

A

brainstem and hypothalamus

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23
Q

why is there such a link between smell and memory?

A

the olfactory nerves have projections to the amygdala

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24
Q

what does Urbach-Wiethe Disease cause?

A

calcification of the amygdala , which essentially results in loss of the amygdala. this is due to a Extracellular matrix protein I deficiency.

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25
Q

what were symptoms of Pt. SM who lost amygdala bilaterally but had an intact hippocampus?

A

inability to experience fear ( leads to excessive risk taking)

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26
Q

if you get a foot shock associated with sound then take away the shock and leave the sound) and then remove the pathway between the auditory cortex and the amygdala why is there still a reaction to the stimulus?

A

because there is a direct link between the medial geniculate nucleus and the the amygdala ( see pg. 605)

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27
Q

similar to hearing and the mgn how does visual input associated with emotion get to the amygdala?

A

through the visual cortex and through the LGN

28
Q

a fight or flight response ____________ memory

A

increases memory, this is a problem in PTSD

29
Q

where is the periaqueductal gray?

A

( midbrain) near the 4th ventricle around the cerebral aqueduct

30
Q

stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray leads to?

A

hypoactivity ( quiescence )

31
Q

stimulation of the dorsal lateral periaqueductal gray leads to?

A

fight response

32
Q

does the peraqueductal gray have memory?

A

no it is controlled by higher brain regions

33
Q

anger management problem could be localized to ?

A

the cingulate/amygdala

34
Q

what is eg. of sham rage? and why could it result

A

if a fly lands on your nose and you get uncontrollably angry. it could result because of a tumor or stroke to hypothalamus / periaqueductal gray.

35
Q

how does the periaqueductal gray regulate the autonomic nervous system?

A

via projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and intermediolateral nucleus.

36
Q

why do we remember aversive events so well?

A

because there is increased memory with cortisol release.

37
Q

what is the midcingulate cortex involved in?

A

motivated behavior ( resolves conflict) and response selection (regulates skeletomotor output)

38
Q

what is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in?

A

is involved in affect , stores long-term emotional memories, and regulates CNS

39
Q

amygdala has reciprocal projections to the _______?

A

anterior cingulate cortex

40
Q

is the posterior cingulate cortex involved in emotion?

A

no

41
Q

the perigenual region of the ACC is particularly vunerable to _______ _________ like___________

A

emotional diseases like depression

42
Q

different parts of the limbic cortex play ___________ roles in emoltion

A

different

43
Q

fear is processed in the?

A

anterior midcingulate cortex

44
Q

sadness is processed in the?

A

ventral anterior cingulate cortex

45
Q

happiness is processed in the ?

A

rostral anterior cingulate cortex

46
Q

the midcingulate cortex evokes _________ responses depending on the contex

A

complex skeletomotor responses e.g. lip puckering, bilateral limb movements, etc depending on the situation.

47
Q

the facial region in the anterior cingulate cortex is critical for ?

A

emotional awareness, the facial region projects to the facial motor nucleus (muscles of facial expression)

48
Q

what structure can allow a snake trainer to recode the amygdala so don’t get huge 1˚ response, just 2˚ considered response?

A

the anterior cingulate cortex

49
Q

describe the fear response

A

1.visual stimulus activates the 2. amygdala which activates 3. ACC and PAG,4. ACC further activates PAG and activates facial area at border of the ACC/MCC 5. which activates the facial nucleus and facial expression ( see pg. 617)

50
Q

which structure drives the fight or flight response?

A

the locus coeruleus

51
Q

the locus coeruleus is driven by input from the _______ and ________ and is importantly reciprocally connected with the ______________ ___________ in the _________?

A

the locus coeruleus is driven by input from the AMYGDALA and LIMBIC CORTEX and is importantly reciprocally connected with the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS ___________ in the HYPOTHALAMUS.

52
Q

storage of emotionally valenced memories in the amygdala and ACC depends on ________ released by the _________

A

norepi released by the locus coerulues.

53
Q

how does the locus coerulus regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

via it’s projections to the paraventricular nucleus and the visceral motor centers.

54
Q

where is the locus coeruleus located?

A

the tegmentum of the mylencephalon ( neuroanatomy it was more mid brain check with professor)

55
Q

what can disorders of the limbic system result in ( name 4 things?

A

conduct disorders, criminal psychopathy, sociopathies, and most clinically important , mood disorders mainly depression.

56
Q

what happens to the ACC in major depression?

A

glucose metabolism in the ACC is altered ( decreased)

57
Q

what are two methods of regulating depression?

A

norepi and serotonin regulation ( SSRIs are among the most effective treatments).

58
Q

which neruotransmitter is mood altering?

A

serotonin

59
Q

which neruotransmitter is mood elevating?

A

norepinephrine

60
Q

the dorsal raphe nucelus projects to the?

A

forebrain ( amygdala, insula, and ACC )

61
Q

the dorsal raphe nucleus determines _______ ______?

A

tonic activity ( regular pulsing that releases neurotransmitters

62
Q

there are lots of 5HTT ( serotonin) receptors in the ____ _______.

A

anterior cingulate cortex

63
Q

what are the problems for people with short 5htt allele?

A

shigher risk for developing depression and they have shrunken anterior cingulate cortex, and shrunken amygdala.

they can also develop anxiety because they can’t recode the amygdala so they get a response like fear to things that you shouldn’t fear.

64
Q

what is one possibility for why it takes a month for SSRIs to start working for pts. with depression?

A

once SSRIs increase the level of serotonin in the DRN and ACC the elevation causes the DRN neurons to decrease their 5HT release in the ACC thus there is no net effect in the ACC initially

overtime the autoreceptors are internalized and decreased soomore serotonin is in the ACC

65
Q

what does the 5HT receptor do?

A

regulates the presynaptic cell to release the right amount of neurotransmitter

neuroscience (32 decks)

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