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neuroscience > nociception > Flashcards

nociception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between pain and nociception?

A

pain is psychological whereas nociception conveys information about tissue damage and stimuli

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2
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

peripheral nerve endings of primary sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia

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3
Q

the perception of spicy food arises from?

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

do nociceptors fire as soon as you perceive pain?

A

no they start to fire once tissue damage starts

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5
Q

nociceptors DO or DON’T have peripheral structures that transduce and filter peripheral stimuli?

A

DON’T

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6
Q

_________ are the least differentiated of the sensory receptors in the skin

A

nociceptors

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7
Q

pain in humans is mediated by different classes of nociception ________ fibers

A

afferent fibers ( sensory)

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8
Q

describe thermal or mechanical nociceptors ( diameter, myelination, conduction speed, sensation)

A

they have small-diameter, thinly myelinated A∂ ( A delta ( they are slow compared to other myelinated axons) fibers that conduct at 5-30 m/s

activation of these fibers is associated with sensations of sharp pricking pain

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9
Q

describe polymodal nociceptors ( diameter, myelination, conduction speed, sensation)

A

small diameter, unmyelinated C fibers, conduct slowly .5-2 m/s, activated by a high intensity mechanical, chemical and hot or cold stimuli

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10
Q

how do noxious stimuli activate the nociceptor?

A

by depolarizing the membrane of the sensory ending

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11
Q

a tingling sensation is reported if the stimulus intensity is raised to a level that activates________ fibers in the peripheral nerve

A

A∂ fibers

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12
Q

If stimulation of A∂ fibers is intense enough then what sensation resutls?

A

a sharp pain

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13
Q

if stimulus is really highly intense what fibers are activated and what is the associated sensation?

A

C fibers ( which are very very slow) and a dull long lasting sensation of pain is experienced

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14
Q

when do you perceive dull throbbing pain?

A

after you injure something; since the C fibers which relay this sensation are so slow and long lasting due to lack of myelination

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15
Q

in which fibers is the TrpV1 receptor found?

A

both A∂ and C fibers

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16
Q

what stimui is TrpV1 receptor activated by?

A

capsaicin, heat, acids, and anandamine ( a cannaboid receptor stimulus)

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17
Q

Why is capsacin an agonist for TrpV1?

A

because it mimics endogenous ( i.e. things that are found in our bodies) vanilloids AKA endovailloids.

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18
Q

when are endovanilloids released?

A

with peripheral injury

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19
Q

what is hyperalgesia?

A

enhanced sensitivity and responsivity to stimulation of the area in and around ( e.g. flare region) the damaged tissue

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20
Q

release of what agents enhances responsiveness of nocioception endings?

A

bradykinin,histamine,prostaglandins, and others

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21
Q

electircal activity in the nociceptors stimulate local release of substances which cause ?

A

vasodialation, swelling, and release of histamine from mast cells

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22
Q

how do NSAIDs work?

A

by inhibiting cyclooxygenase which is important for biosynthesis of prostaglandins which make things leaky

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23
Q

are nociceptors needed in order to sense pain?

A

no, even w/o nociceptors pain can be sensed

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24
Q

injury of the peripheral nerve can result in loss of ________ input from the periphery to the spinal cord

A

( sensory) afferent input

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25
Q

in brachial plexus avulsion pts. do patients feel anything in the dermatomes of the affected area?

A

they feel a burning pain in the denervated area.

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26
Q

why do pts. feel a burning pain in the denervated area in a brachial plexus avulsion?

A

pain is though t to result from hyperactivity of the dorsal horn neurons in the deafferented ( sensory denervated) region of the cord.

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27
Q

where do nociceptor fibers cross?

A

at the level where they enter the spinal cord

28
Q

where do nociceptive fibers terminate?

A

primarily in the superficial dorsal horn ( lamina I and II) some A∂ nociceptive fibers also project more deeply to lamina V

29
Q

how do nociceptive cells enter the spinal cord?

A

nociceptive nerve cells enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots.

30
Q

nociceptive fibers ascend and descend in what tract?

A

the dorsolateral tract

31
Q

what are wide dynamic range neurons? and where are they found?

A

neurons which receive input from mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.

they are found in lamina V of the dorsal horn

32
Q

what are nociceptive specific fibers?

A

neurons that process pain information. They are excited solely by A∂ and C fibers and are found in lamina 1 of the dorsal horn.

33
Q

what do wide dynamic range neurons respond to?

A

somatosensory and noxious stimuli.

34
Q

do nociceptive specific neurons or Wide range dynamic neurons have a larger receptive field?

A

wide dynamic range neurons

35
Q

what do the convergence of _____ and ______ nociceptors onto the same dorsal horn projection neuron cause _________?

A

what do the convergence of VISCERAL and CUTANEOUS nociceptors onto the same dorsal horn projection neuron cause REFERRED PAIN

36
Q

Where is pain referred in angina ( inadequate perfusion of the heart)?

A

referred to upper chest wall and radiation to the arm, back, neck and head ( see pg 236 in purves)

37
Q

where is esophageal pain referred?

A

the chest wall ( see pg 236 in purves)

38
Q

where is ureteral pain referred?

A

lower back and abdomen

39
Q

where is bladder pain referred?

A

the perineum

40
Q

where is prostate pain referred?

A

above and below the effected side ( if characteristic distribution)

41
Q

why does phantom limb occur?

A

because sensory information about the missing body part can still exist in the absence of peripheral input and therefore phantom pain can occur as well.

42
Q

in what pathway does nocioceptive input from the upper body ( excluding the face ) and lower body travel?

A

the fibers cross the midline and ascend in to the brain stem and thalamus through the anterolateral spinothalmic pathway

43
Q

in what pathway does nocioceptive info from the face travel?

A

axons from trigem , facial, and associated glossopharyngeal and vagus carry nociceptive info facial nociceptors and thermoreceptors to the brain stem, cross the midline and ascend into the trigeminothalamic tract

44
Q

what is the major target of nuclei ascending pain and temperature axons ?

A

the ventral posterior nuclear (VPN) complex of the thalamus.

45
Q

the ventral posterior medial nuclei receives nociception from the ___________?

A

face

46
Q

the ventral posterior lateral nuclei receives nociception from__________?

A

all of the body except the face

47
Q

are mechanossensory neurons in the same area of the thalamus as nociceptors? are they in the same system?

A

yes they are close by in the thalamus but they are NOT in the same system.

48
Q

according to clinical studies does large areas of damage to the somatosensory cortex result in impaired response to noxious stimuli or loss of pain?

A

NO, large areas of damage to the somatosensory cortex DOESN’T result in impaired response to noxious stimuli or loss of pain

49
Q

pathways for _________ and _________ projection neurons cross the midline to ascend the opposite side of the cord

A

pain and temperature

50
Q

somatosensory pathway ascends _________ in the dorsal column of the cod and therefor a unilateral spinal lesion of this pathway would produce loss ?

A

somatosensory pathway ascends IPSILATERALLY n the dorsal column of the cod and therefor a unilateral spinal lesion of this pathway would produce loss TOUCH, PRESSURE, AND VIBRATION.

51
Q

nociception in a lesion will be on the _______ side.

A

contralateral side ( sensation of pain )

52
Q

dorsal column/medial lemniscal system is where ___________ fibers travel.

A

somatosensory ( AKA the epicritic somatosensory)

53
Q

why does a zone of complete loss result at the area of the lesion?

A

because of the lisseur tracts going up and down so so some of the get both epictric and protopathic loss.

54
Q

where is the site of termination of nociceptive afferent neurons and what else happen there?

A

they end at the laminae I, II, and V

and those neurons in the rostroventral medulla make inhibitory connections there

55
Q

what doe neurons in the periaqueductal gray matter do in the rostroventral medulla do?

A

they make excitatory connection

this region of the rostroventral medulla includes the nucleus raphe magnus

56
Q

endogenous peptide opioids don’t impact _____ ______ __________?

A

free nerve endings ( the peripheral system)

57
Q

endogenous peptide opioids do impact _____ ______ __________?

A

a system in which the information coming in is damped.

58
Q

endogenous opioids are found in the ___________?

A

rostroventral medulla ( in the dorsal horn)

59
Q

the descending axons of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons from the nuclues raphe magnus contact the dendrites of the __________ ______ and the local __________________ in the superficial dorsal horn

A

the descending axons of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons from the nuclues raphe magnus contact the dendrites of the SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT and the local ENKEPHALIN -CONTAING INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS in the superficial dorsal horn.

60
Q

descending inhibition of spinothalamic tract neurons appears to be mediated by the activation of _________ ___________ in the dorsal horn

A

enkephalin interneurons.

61
Q

the superficial dorsal horn contains a high density of ____________ and ___________ containing interneurons close to the terminals of nociceptive afferent input.

A

enkephalin and dynorphin

62
Q

where are opiate receptors located?

A

on terminals of nociceptive afferents and on dentrites of postsynaptic neurons

63
Q

how do opiod peptides and opiates regulate nociceptive transmission?

A

in part by inhibiting release of glutamate, substance P, and other transmitters from the sensory neurons

64
Q

transmitter release is supressed by the activation of?

A

opiate receptors in the sensory neurons

65
Q

endogenous opiod peptides modulate nociceptive transmission at levels of the 1˚ afferent synapse by a combination of _______ and _________ actions.

A

presynaptic and post synaptic actions.

neuroscience (32 decks)

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