association cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is an association cortex?

A

everything that is not a primary sensory or primary motor area

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2
Q

what do association corticies do?

A

receive input from many areas and connect them in a way that wasn’t possible in the initial sensory area and usually generates a more meaningful response

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3
Q

what are the major association cortices?

A

Temporal (who/what pathway),Parietal (where/when pathway),Frontal

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4
Q

what functions does the temporal association cortex involve?

A

Visual forms, objects, textures
Auditory prosody, syntax
Polymodal/heteromodal - audio/ visual/somatic

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5
Q

what functions does the parietal association cortex involve?

A
Visuospatial awareness (attention)
Visual motor transformations (intention)
Somesthesis (body awareness)
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6
Q

what functions does the frontal association cortex involve?

A

spatial, object working memory
planning
withholding responses

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7
Q

what layer of cortex receives input from the thalamus?

A

layer 4 ( the granular layer)

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8
Q

what is the brainstem modulatory system?

A

Brainstem modulatory systems = 5HT, NE,

DA, etc.

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9
Q

what layer(s) do inputs go to in the cortex?

A

all layers

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10
Q

where do Outputs from layers 2 and 3 go?

A

other cortical areas - layer 3 cells are bigger, can go

to opposite hemisphere

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11
Q

where do outputs from layer 5 go?

A

subcortical structures like the striatum, superior colliculus,
pons, and tegmentum

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12
Q

where do outputs from layer 6 go?

A

the thalamus

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13
Q

what does damage from to the Temporal Association Areas / Ventral Stream lead to?

A

deficits in higher order perception of stimuli, but not necessarily the simple elements:
agnosia, achromatopsia, prosopagnosia, alexia, receptive aphasia, expressive aphasia apraxia,

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14
Q

what can result if the primary visual areas are damaged but the temporal association areas are spared?

A

a “ blindsight” can result and the patient doesn’t know that they can see

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15
Q

what is agnosia?

A

impaired object recognition

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16
Q

what is achromatopsia?

A

impaired color recognition

17
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

impaired face recognition

18
Q

what is alexia?

A

impaired word recognition

19
Q

what is receptive aphasia?

A

impaired word interpretation. Input problem, ex. Wernicke’s

20
Q

what is expressive aphasia?

A

impaired word usage. Output problem, ex. Broca’s

21
Q

what is apraxia ?

A

object utilization / tool use deficits (impaired motor planning / ability to
carry out learned purposeful movements)

22
Q

what is required to generate intention?

A

attention is required to generate intention

23
Q

prefrontal cells encode the _______ and _______ of meaningful stimuli that can be used in a response.

A

location and time

24
Q

*** what does the prefrontal cortex allow us to do?

A

METACOGNITION

25
Q

*** what is the main function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

it supports the most meaningful selection of behavior to achieve desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones

26
Q

**how does the prefrontal cortex do it’s function?

A

it facilitates metacognition through integration of sensory info and pausing the motor responses and monitoring of outcomes.

27
Q

** what can happen in a prefrontal cortex lesion?

A

behavior changes, can’t control actions, problems withholding improper responses.

they are socially inappropriate,could also have motor, oculomotor or verbal problems

28
Q

which common syndromes involve changes in the prefrontal cortex?

A

schizophrenia and ADHD