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neuroscience > normal sleep cycle > Flashcards

normal sleep cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of sleep and how long do we approximately spend in each?

A

stage 1 ( 6%)
stage 2 ( 49%)
stage 3 and 4 ( 23%)
REM ( 22%)

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2
Q

how long do we typically cycle through a sleep cycle?

A

~90 minutes

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3
Q

what happens to REM as we we progress in our sleep?

A

time spent in REM increases as the hours of sleep progress

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4
Q

which stage of sleep lessens ( i.e. the amount of time spent in that stage) as the hours of sleep progress?

A

stage 4

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5
Q

what are the light stages of sleep and what are the deep sleep stages?

A

light sleep stages: 1 and 2

deep sleep stages are: 3 and 4

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6
Q

what does brain activity look like in the REM cycle?

A

it looks like we are awake

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7
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ alertness?

A

low voltage, fast, random activity high frequency BETA waves ( 15-40 cps)

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8
Q

***what types of waves EEG are associated w/ being awake but drowsy/relaxed?

A

low voltage, fast, random activity high frequency ALPHA waves ( 8-13 cps)

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9
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ stage 1 sleep ( the lightest sleep)?

A

low voltage, high frequency, THETA waves ( 3-7 cps)

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10
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ stage 2 sleep ( the light sleep)?

A

SLEEP SPINDLES AND K COMPLEXES

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11
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ stage 3 sleep ( deep sleep)?

A

< 50% DELTA waves

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12
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ stage 4 sleep ( deepest sleep)?

A

> 50 % DELTA waves

parasympathetic control, lowered vital signs, restorative sleep

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13
Q

*** what types of waves on EEG are associated w/ REM?

A

low, voltage, high frequency, random, fast waves w/ SAWTOOTH waves

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14
Q

what is the reason for the brain being more awake in REM?

A

the increase in sympathetic tone dominating

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15
Q

what actions occur during REM?

A

eye movements, erections, dreams, and paralysis

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16
Q

what are dreams?

A

unconscious thoughts, drives, wishes,
consolidation of memory rom the day
removing unwanted memory from the day

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17
Q

what stages of sleep decrease in the elderly and which increase?

A

stages 3 and 4 decrease in the elderly and stages 1 and 2 increase in the elderly

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18
Q

sleep length generally decreases until what age and then maintains a generally stable length?

A

20 years old

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19
Q

what is the signal to go to sleep?

A

melatonin

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20
Q

where and when and why is melatonin produced?

A

in the pineal gland at night because there is a loss of light which induced neuronal firing in the retinohypothalmic tract which helps lower brain activation and arousal

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21
Q

what does melatonin do to sympathetic drive?

A

it lowers sympathetic drive

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22
Q

when does cortisol peak and why is this important?

A

it peaks in the morning ( around 4-5) and this is important because it is the signal to wake up and it links the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex to the circadian system

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23
Q

which 6 neurotransmitters result in more wakefulness ( more of them = more wakefulness and less of them = more asleep)

A

acetylcholine, glutamate,

monoamines: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

24
Q

how do neurotransmitters that result in more wakefulness act on the brain?

A

directly in certain areas and modulate other transmitters’ effects as well as allowing amplification of arousal signals.

25
Q

the basal forebrain releases what neurotransmitter and what it this driving?

A

Ach, this drives person to be awake or in REM

26
Q

The basal forebrain is active during?

A

wakefulness and REM

27
Q

Besides Ach what does the basal forebrain release?

A

GABA which promotes sleep in sleep centers

28
Q

the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei are more likely to be active during?

A

wakefulness and REM

29
Q

how is wakefulness most robustly promoted?

A

via projections to the thalamus

30
Q

Ach from what two main centers activate the brain to keep ppl awake at appropriate times?

A

the pontine nuclei: lateral dorsal and pedunculopontien tegmental nuclei

and the basal forebrain

31
Q

related to sleep why would someone be given norepinephrine?

A

to increase wakefuleness

32
Q

what does the locus coreleus do?

A

release norepi

33
Q

insomnia or anxiety at night could be due to ?

A

too much norepi firing

34
Q

what is norepi inhibited by in the feedback loop?

A

alpha 1 and 2 receptors in the feedback loop

35
Q

in relation to sleep what can blood pressure medications be used for?

A

to lessen nightmares and anxiety

36
Q

*** what does stimulation of H1 receptors do?

A

leads to wakefulness

37
Q

what do h3 autoreceptors do?

A

inhibit histamine activity thus blocking H3 receptors therefore promoting wakefulness.

38
Q

***you can be awake by stimulating which histamine receptor and blocking which histamine receptor?

A

you can be awake by stimulating the H1 receptor and by blocking the H3 receptor

39
Q

what does the tuberomammilary nucleus in the posterior hypothalamus do?

A

secrete histamine

40
Q

serotonin can increase or decrease sleep depending on sensitivity for receptors but what does it generally do?

A

serotonin generally increases wakefulness and inhibits REM

41
Q

***what does the 5HT7 receptor do?

A

it is the circadian clock gene i promotes and corrects circadian rhythms (it comes from the raphe nucleus)

42
Q

what is dopamine associated w/ ?

A

movement( release from substantia nigra) and reward ( release from ventral tegmental area) ( sex, drugs, rock and roll)

43
Q

ppl who are tired or have ADHD have how much dopamine?

A

low dopamine

44
Q

the ventral periaqueductal gray in the pons fires during?

A

wakefulness and is associated with dopamine

45
Q

what type of arousal does dopamine provide in comparison to norepi?

A

dopamine provides motivational arousal whereas norepi provides task oriented alertness

46
Q

how is orexin/hypocretin like a back up generator?

A

it is not a part of the reticular activating system and therefore keeps other systems going and increases wakefulness if other systems fail.

47
Q

when does orexin/hypocretin fire?

A

only when you are awake

48
Q

where do the stage 2 sleep spindles probably come from?

A

the thalamus

49
Q

the thalamus uses glutamate to promote ?

A

wakefulness

50
Q

the thalmus uses GABA to ?

A

decrease wakefulness and promote sleep

51
Q

what is the master switch in the anatomy of being awake?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

52
Q

what does the reticular activating system include?

A

ach, serotonin, norepi, dopamine

53
Q

what does the reticular activating system do?

A

drives us to be awake when turned up high or towards fatigue if low.

54
Q

can the reticular activating system be manipulated?

A

yes

55
Q

for PTSD pts what is the level the reticular activating system is likely to be at?

A

> 120% ( towards wakefulness)

56
Q

** what happens if you don’t have the orexin/hypocretin?

A

narcolepsy

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