clinical correlation perimetry and clinical correlation of visual field defects

Question 1

what is the visual field?

Answer 1

the area of space perceived by the eye

Question 2

how far out can you see nasally and temporally, respectively?

Answer 2

60˚ nasally and 100˚ temporally

Question 3

where is our blind spot located and why don’t we perceive it?

Answer 3

at about 16 to 17˚ in the temporal direction and the filling defect makes us unaware that it exists

Question 4

what is important about the top of traquair’s island of vision?

Answer 4

that is where we see 20/20 below that our vision goes down ( see pg. 461)

Question 5

due to kinetic perimetry you will see ________and __________ objects in periphery.

Answer 5

brighter and bigger

Question 6

due to kinetic perimetry you’ll see __________and__________ objects close to

Answer 6

dimmer and smaller

Question 7

in static perimetry objects don’t move) you see dimmer objects ____________ and you can see brighter objects_____________

Answer 7

dimmer objects closer to you

and brighter objects can be seen in the periphery.

Question 8

what’s an inexpensive fast, and practical way to test visual field? and explain how it works

Answer 8

confrontation visual field in which the doctor stands arm length from the patient, the patient covers 1 eye w/ palm of their hand, while the examiner covers their contralateral eye and the stimulus is brought into the patients visual field from the periphery.

Question 9

what is confrontational visual field good for detecting?

Answer 9

central scotoma ( if they can’t see the doctor’s eye, nose, but sees the ears) and hemianopias ( if they only see one side.

Question 10

due to kinetic perimetry when do you see dimmer and smaller things in your visual field?

Answer 10

when they are closer to you

Question 11

due to kinetic perimetry when can you see bigger and brighter things in your visual field?

Answer 11

you can see them in periphery

Question 12

what criteria is static perimetry based on?

Answer 12

how bright ( it can be seen in the periphery) vs. how dim ( something that can only be seen up close) the object is

Question 13

explain how a confrontation visual field is done.

Answer 13

in a well lit room the doctor stands arm length from the pt and asks the pt to cover one eye. the doctor closes their contra lateral eye ( i.e if the examining the pts’ right eye doctor will close the left eye as they are facing the pt )and a bright object is brought into the pts visual field from the periphery

Question 14

why is red object often used in the confrontation visual field?

Answer 14

because of the higher sensitivity w/ a red colored object

Question 15

what visual deficits is the confrontation visual field good for diagnosing?

Answer 15

central scotomoa ( pt may see the doctor’s ears but won’t see the nose or eye)

hemianopias ( only see one side)

Question 16

what is hand moment ( in the periphery useful for) in a confrontation visual field?

Answer 16

to test monocular temporal crescent in early chiasmal syndrome for example

Question 17

what does the amsler grid test?

Answer 17

the central 10˚ of the visual field.

Question 18

what does tangent screen test?

Answer 18

central 20˚ visual field

Question 19

what is the goldman machine/test?

Answer 19

the manual kinetic visual field testing machine

Question 20

what is the humphrey machine/test?

Answer 20

the automatic visual field testing machine

Question 21

what is a scotoma?

Answer 21

part of the visual field is missing

Question 22

what is an arcuate?

Answer 22

an arc-like shape defect produced by retinal nerve fiber bundle damage

Question 23

what is altitudinal?

Answer 23

HALF OF VISUAL FIELD IS MISSING:superior or inferior defect that respects horizontal meridian- splits horizontally

Question 24

what is hemianopia?

Answer 24

HALF OF VISUAL FIELD IS MISSING: nasal or temporal defect that respects the vertical meridian - splits vertically

Question 25

how do you tell difference between relative right eye hemianopia?

Answer 25

see pg. 474

Question 26

what is a homonymous defect?

Answer 26

one on the same side in both eye

Question 27

what is a heteronymous defect?

Answer 27

one on the opposite side of left and right eye example (bitemporal) see pg. 474

Question 28

what is congruous and what is incongruous?

Answer 28

defect similar in both eyes and defect different in both eyes, respectively.

Question 29

what divides the retina into superior and inferior?

Answer 29

the horizontal raphe

Question 30

where is the central 10˚ of the visual field?

Answer 30

the macula (fovea w/ in the macula specifically)

Question 31

a central scotoma is present in what disease?

Answer 31

macular degeneration

Question 32

in glaucoma a __________ defect is seen

Answer 32

arcuate defect

Question 33

an altitudinal defect is typical of_______________?

Answer 33

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) i.e. stroke of the optic nerve ( not enough O2 to that nerve) ( upper half of vision is bocke see pg. 477)

Question 34

inferior nasal retina carries the ________ field and crosses at the __________ of the chiasm

Answer 34

supratemporal field bottom of the chiasm

Question 35

superior nasal retina carries the ________ ________ field and crosses at the __________ of the chiasm

Answer 35

inferotemporal field top of the chiasm

Question 36

Pituaitary pushes on inferior fibers so you have a ___________ ___________ field defect

Answer 36

bitemporal superior

Question 37

which fibers form a little chasm w/in the chasm

Answer 37

the macular fibers : the central 10˚ divide at the chiasm

Question 38

what are the symptom's of junctional syndrome?

Answer 38

blindness in the ipsilateral eye and partial anopsia in the contralateral eye due to the fibers that loop around in the chasm ( willibrand's knee)

Question 39

inferior nasal retina carries the ________ ________ field and crosses at the __________ of the chiasm

Answer 39

supra temporal field bottom of the chiasm

Question 40

superior nasal retina carries the ________ ________ field and crosses at the __________ of the chiasm

Answer 40

inferior temporal field top of the chiasm

Question 41

*** ( might be on test) beyond ( anterior to) the chiasm lesions produce what type of field defects ( usually?) (*** need to check w/ professor)

Answer 41

homonymous and incongruous

Question 42

posterior to the chiasm a lesion is usually ( (*** need to check w/ professor) )

Answer 42

congrous

Question 43

what are symptoms of anterior chiasmal syndrome?

Answer 43

ipsilateral optic neuropathy , decreased visual acuity, relative afferent pupillary defect, contrallateral junctional scotoma w/ normal visual acuity, and color vision

Question 44

a lesion in the optic nerve leads to what 3 things?

Answer 44

decrease in visual acuity, decrease in color vision, relative afferent pupillary defect

Question 45

a lesion in the optic tract could lead to? (*** need to check w/ professor)

Answer 45

homoymous defects, incongruous , visual acuity is spared, contralateral relative afferent pupillary defect, contralateral hemiparesis

Question 46

*** ( might be on test) beyond ( anterior to) the chiasm lesions produce what type of field defects ( usually?)

Answer 46

homonymous and incongruous

Question 47

Parietal lesion or injury of temporal ( i.e. optic radiations lesion) lead to?

Answer 47

quadrantanopia

Question 48

where do the retinal ganglion cells synapse?

Answer 48

the lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 49

a lesion in the optic nerve leads to what 3 things?

Answer 49

decrease in visual acuity, decrease in color vision, relative afferent pupillary defect

Question 50

Why is the anterior meyer's loop important?

Answer 50

anterior meyer’s loop is 4 cm from temporal tip important for doing surgery on epilepsy pts.

Question 51

if there is a lesion in the lateral geniculate body what type of defect is seen ( theoretically because never actually seen)?

Answer 51

congruous homonymous sectoranopia

Question 52

Parietal lesion or injury of temporal radiations lead to?

Answer 52

quadrantanopia

Question 53

in the LGN Parietal radiation travel to_______ and carry which field fibers?

Answer 53

straight to the calcarine fissure inferior field

Question 54

describe the Temporal radiations path as they leave the LGN and what field fibers does it carry?

Answer 54

travel forward loop around and then go to calcarine fissure) carries superior field

Question 55

visual cortex and occipital lobe lesions in general cause?

Answer 55

homonymous congruous defects.

Question 56

macular sparing is common but not exclusive of a lesion in which area?

Answer 56

the occipital lobe

Question 57

what can result from a calcarine field loss if there is damage in the right occipital lobe?

Answer 57

sparring of the monocular ( left) temporal crescent because the left anterior part of the calcarine fissure is untouched.

Question 58

what can result from a calcarine field loss if there is bilateral upper posterior occipital injury?

Answer 58

inferior altitudinal central scotomas

Question 59

what can result from a calcarine field loss if there is bilateral posterior occipital injury?

Answer 59

bilateral homonymous hemianopic central scotomas with macular sparring

Question 60

visual cortex and occipital lobe lesions in general cause?

Answer 60

homonymous congruous defects.

Question 61

50% of the posterior lobe ( occipital) is devoted to?

Answer 61

the central 10˚ of the visual field.