1
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

β†’ The combined activity of a large number of similarly orientated neurons

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2
Q

What does an EEG require?

A

β†’ synchronous activity across groups of cells

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3
Q

What does the amplitude of an EEG signal depend on?

A

β†’ how synchronous the activity of the neurons are

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4
Q

What is a large summed signal caused by?

A

β†’ tiny signals summed up to generate a large surface signal

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5
Q

What is a small summed signal caused by?

A

β†’ the same amount of excitation as a large signal

β†’ but at irregular intervals

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6
Q

What do EEG rhythms correlate with?

A

β†’ States of behaviours

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7
Q

What is high frequency and low amplitude associated with?

A

β†’ Alertness and wake

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8
Q

What is low frequency and high amplitude associated with?

A

β†’ Non dreaming sleep or coma

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9
Q

What are the two theories of how rhythms are generated during sleep?

A

β†’ There is a pacemaker that acts as a conductor (conductor telling everyone to clap)
β†’ mutual excitation and inhibition and neurons sync to what other neurons are doing (people clapping at random and syncing to each other)

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10
Q

What is theorised to be the pacemaker in the brain and why?

A

β†’ Thalamus

β†’ thalamic nuclei communicate with every cortical brain structure

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11
Q

Describe the hypothesis for slow frequency and high amplitude rhythms during sleep?

A

β†’ Thalamus acts as a gatekeeper it stops information getting to the brain during sleep
(like a spinning arm in an obstacle course)

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12
Q

Describe the hypothesis for fast frequency and low amplitude rhythms during wakefulness

A

β†’ the brain is attention grabbing to bind together regions needed for task execution

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13
Q

What is sensation like in non REM sleep?

A

β†’ dull or absent

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14
Q

What is thought like in non REM sleep?

A

β†’ logical

β†’ repetitive

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15
Q

What is movement like in non REM sleep

A

β†’ occasional

β†’ involuntary

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16
Q

What is sensation like in REM sleep?

A

β†’ vivid

β†’ internally generated

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17
Q

What is thought like in REM sleep?

A

β†’ vivid
β†’ illogical
β†’ bizarre

18
Q

What is movement like in REM sleep?

A

β†’ muscle paralysis

β†’ movement commanded by the brain but not carried out

19
Q

What is temperature, heart rate, breathing and energy consumption like in non REM sleep?

A

β†’ Decreased temperature
β†’ decreased heart rate
β†’ decreased breathing
β†’ decreased brain energy consumption

20
Q

What is temperature, heart rate, breathing and energy consumption like in REM sleep?

A

β†’ very low temperature
β†’ increased heart rate
β†’ increased breathing
β†’ very high brain energy consumption

21
Q

What kind of sleep do you begin with?

A

β†’ non REM sleep

22
Q

When do sleep cycles repeat?

A

β†’ every 90 minutes

23
Q

How many minutes of non REM do you need to progress into REM?

A

β†’ 30 minutes

24
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

β†’ getting rest -cognitive performance is increased after sleeping
β†’ adaptation to protect themselves and conserve energy

25
Q

When you are awake what neurotransmitters are secreted and from where and what do they do?

A

β†’ ACh and orexin
β†’ basal forebrain and hypothalamus
β†’ increase excitatory activity and decrease synchronous firing

26
Q

When you fall asleep what drives neural activity?

A

β†’ thalamus

27
Q

What receptor activation promotes sleepiness?

A

β†’ adenosine

28
Q

What does adenosine receptor activation cause?

A

β†’ Decrease heart and respiratory rate

β†’ smooth muscle tone decrease

29
Q

What are adenosine levels like during the day and night?

A

β†’ day - increasing

β†’ night - rapidly drop

30
Q

What stimulates adenosine release?

A

β†’ nitric oxide

31
Q

What other factors contribute to sleepiness?

A

β†’ inflammatory factors

32
Q

What is melatonin and when is it secreted?

A

β†’ compound that increases when there is a reduction in light

33
Q

What is body temperature like during the day and night?

A

β†’ high during the day

β†’ decreases at night

34
Q

What hormone increases at night?

A

β†’ Growth hormone

35
Q

What is cortisol like during the day and night?

A

β†’ Cortisol decreases during the day then increases before wakefulness

36
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

β†’ environmental cues such as the sun

37
Q

What is the natural sleep cycle with no cues?

A

β†’ 24-25 hours

38
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

β†’ Located between the optic chiasm at the base of the hypothalamus

39
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

β†’ provides a circadian rhythm

40
Q

What happens when the suprachiasmatic nucleus is inhibited?

A

β†’ The cycles are irregular

41
Q

Describe how melatonin is inhibited?

A

β†’ Ganglion cells have a protein that is reactive to light
β†’ melanopsin ganglion cells transmit the activation to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
β†’ this inhibits the pineal gland
β†’pineal gland is reponsible for the production of melatonin

42
Q

Describe how melatonin is produced

A

β†’ no activation of melanopsin at night
β†’ SCN is not activated
β†’ pineal gland is not inhibited
β†’ produces melatonin